Genome wide association studies (GWAS) of element contents in grain with a special focus on zinc and iron in a world collection of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Genome wide association studies (GWAS) were carried out to map Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) associated with element contents in the grain using 336 spring barley. Of the elements analyzed, Fe content ranged from 21.9 to 91.0 mg kg⁻¹, Zn from 10.4 to 54.5 mg kg⁻¹, Ba from 0.2 to 8.9, Ca from 186.4 to 977.5, Cu from 1.5 to 9.8, K from 353.2 to 7721.5, Mg from 1049.8 to 2024.2, Mn from 8.1 to 22.9, Na from 55.9 to 627.9, P from 2272.9 to 5428.8, S from 880.7 to 1898.0, Si from 19.1 to 663.2, and Sr from 0.35 to 2.62 mg kg⁻¹. GWAS were carried out using 6519 SNP markers and multiple elements in MLM:PCA + K model in TASSEL software. Population analyses showed two sub-populations, primarily based on row types. GWAS for row types showed association with INTERMEDIUM-C, a modifier gene for lateral spikelet fertility in the 4H chromosome, validating current GWAS approach. GWAS also showed that 2 QTL for Ba, 2 for Ca, 4 for Cu, 11 for Fe, 2 for K, 3 for Mg, 6 for Mn, 4 for Na, 3 for S, 5 for Si, and 3 for Zn were mapped in barley chromosomes. The QTL identified in the current study are valuable for breeding nutrient dense barley cultivars in the future, especially Zn and Fe.     

锌对雏鸭外周血T-淋巴细胞的影响

15 0只 1日龄天府肉鸭健雏随机分为 3组 ,分别喂给缺锌 (每千克日粮含 Zn 2 2 .9mg)、对照 (每千克日粮含 Zn10 0 mg)和锌中毒 (每 kg日粮含 Zn130 0 mg)日粮 7周或 4周 ,以酸性 - α-醋酸萘酯酶 (ANAE)染色法观测外周血 T-淋巴细胞的动态变化。结果锌缺乏组和锌中毒组雏鸭外周血 T-淋巴细胞的 ANAE阳性率显著低于对照组 (P<0 .0 1) ,表明锌缺乏或锌中毒可抑制 T-淋巴细胞的生成 ,降低其在外周血中的数量。本试验还对锌缺乏和锌中毒引起的外周血 T-淋巴细胞减少的机理进行了探讨     

Zn distribution and bioavailability in whole grain and grain fractions of winter wheat as affected by applications of soil N and foliar Zn combined with N or P

A two-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of foliar Zn combined with N or P on Zn concentration and bioavailability in wheat grain and its milling fractions under different soil N levels. At maturity, grains were harvested and fractionated into flour and bran for nutrient analysis. Both high soil N supply and foliar Zn-enriched fertilizer applications greatly increased Zn concentration and bioavailability in both whole grain and grain fractions. Compared with foliar Zn alone, foliar Zn combined with N increased Zn concentration and bioavailability, whereas foliar Zn combined with P decreased Zn concentration and bioavailability. However, foliar Zn combined with P slightly increased the protein concentration compared to foliar Zn alone. Protein concentration significantly increased, whereas phytate concentration decreased, in whole grain and flour, both in soil N and foliar Zn-enriched N treatments. Therefore, foliar Zn plus N (with appropriate soil N management) may be a promising strategy for addressing dietary Zn micronutrient deficiencies, especially in countries where flour is a significant component of the daily diet.     

Cu2+、Zn2+和Cd2+对茂名海域文昌鱼酸、碱性磷酸酶的影响

试验结果表明,在Cu2+质量浓度为0.096 mg/L水体中生活的文昌鱼酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)均不受抑制作用,在Cu2+质量浓度为0.16、0.256、0.356 mg/L水体中生活的文昌鱼的ACP、ALP活性均显著受抑制(P＜0.05),随时间延长和质量浓度升高,抑制作用增强.在Zn2+质量浓度达到0.195 mg/L时,文昌鱼的ALP与对照组同期相比受抑制作用显著(P＜0.05),随质量浓度增加,受抑制作用增强;ACP在Zn2+质量浓度达到0.39 mg/L时,文昌鱼ACP第10 d影响不显著(P＞0.05),第20 d和30 d表现出显著(P＜0.05)抑制作用,超过这一质量浓度,受抑制作用增强.在Cd2+水体中生活的文昌鱼ALP在Cd2+质量浓度为0.4 mg/L时,抑制显著(P＜0.05),在此质量浓度水体中的文昌鱼ACP在第30 d测定时也表现为抑制显著(P＜0.05),随时间延长和质量浓度增加,文昌鱼ACP、ALP活性受抑制作用增强,在最高质量浓度为2.0 mg/L时,至中期已经死亡.     

1989—2010年广东沿海牡蛎体内锌的时空分布特征与污染水平分析

根据历史和调查资料,对1989—2010年广东沿海牡蛎体内锌(Zn)的时空分布特征和污染水平进行了分析与比较。结果表明,牡蛎体内Zn的浓度总平均值为211.5 mg/kg,从总体看其浓度出现频率呈对数正态分布。在时间上,牡蛎体内Zn总体平均浓度的分布呈阶段性变化,具体表现为1989—2007年Zn的浓度呈微弱降低的趋势,基本维持在197.0 mg/kg的水平;2007—2009年牡蛎体内Zn的浓度有明显升高的趋势,之后Zn的浓度有所降低。在空间上,粤东和粤西沿海牡蛎体内Zn浓度的变化均呈先降低后增加的趋势,且基本与广东沿海牡蛎体Zn平均浓度的变化趋势相同,而珠江口牡蛎体Zn的浓度水平相对较高并表现出趋于稳定的变化规律。单因子指数和非致癌性风险指数评价结果均表明,牡蛎体内Zn的总体不存在明显的污染,但从当前保护环境角度应当尽快设立我国水产品中Zn含量的限定标准。     

拔节期追氮对小麦植株地上部Zn吸收和积累的影响

为明确拔节期追氮对小麦植株地上部Zn吸收积累的影响,于2011-2012年以周麦18和济麦22为材料,研究了拔节期不同追氮量处理下,小麦植株开花期和成熟期叶片、茎鞘、穗部、籽粒的Zn含量,分析了各部位Zn的积累量.结果表明,周麦18植株地上部Zn含量和积累量高于济麦22;从空间分布来看,植株地上各部位Zn含量和积累量均随空间位置下移而降低;随拔节期追氮量的增加,两个小麦品种植株地上部Zn积累量在开花期呈先升后降趋势,成熟期则规律不明显,说明拔节期追氮能够调控小麦花后地上各部位Zn的积累和转运.小麦籽粒Zn含量与拔节期追氮量之间的关系可用二次曲线函数进行模拟.小麦植株Zn积累量对氮肥的响应存在品种间差异,周麦18在N3(底施纯氮120 kg·hm-2,追氮100 kg· hm-2)处理下植株Zn积累量和籽粒Zn含量最高,济麦22在N4(底施纯氮120 kg· hm-2,追氮140 kg·hm-2)处理下植株Zn积累量和籽粒Zn含量最高.     

时间和温度对活性炭与板栗壳吸附铜锌铅镉的影响

随着工业化和城市化进程的加快,废水排放引起的水环境重金属污染问题越来越突出,去除污水中的重金属成为水环境保护的重要内容之一。本文选取活性炭与板栗壳作为吸附剂,研究在不同的时间及温度下,这2种吸附剂对废水中的Cu2+、Zn2+、Pb2+、Cd2+的吸附性能影响。研究发现,活性炭作为吸附剂时,Cu2+吸附量最大是在0.5 h时,Zn2+是在3 h时,Pb2+和Cd2+则是1 h时;用板栗壳吸附时,Cu2+和Pb2+吸附量最大在1 h,Zn2+是在1 h时,Cd2+则是0.5 h时。吸附剂为活性炭或板栗壳,温度对Zn2+的吸附率影响都不大;吸附Cu2+时,活性炭受温度的影响大于板栗壳,其吸附率随温度的升高而减小;Pb2+和Cd2+的吸附受温度影响明显,均是40℃时吸附率较高,但板栗壳>活性炭,且Cd2+>Pb2+。     

Irrigation and Zn fertilizer management improves Zn phyto‐availability in various rice production systems

Zinc (Zn) is an important micronutrient for rice (Oryza sativa L.) production and its deficiency has been observed in various production systems. High grain Zn concentration is equally important for high rice yield and human health. In this work, the effects of Zn fertilization on seedling growth, grain yield, grain Zn concentration, and their association with root traits were studied under alternate wetting and drying (AWD), aerobic rice (AR), system of rice intensification (SRI), and continuous flooding (CF). Zinc fertilization (15 kg ha^?1) improved nursery seedlings chlorophyll and Zn concentrations, root length, and number of roots with highest values observed in CF. At harvesting, maximum plant height, panicle length, total and panicle bearing tillers, and kernel yield were found with Zn addition in AWD and CF rice systems. Mid season drainage provided at maximum tillering and Zn fertilization increased its concentration in leaves, culms, panicles, and grains under CF and AR at physiological maturity. Most of Zn applied was allocated into culms and panicles, nevertheless, a significant increase in grain Zn concentration was also observed in all production systems. Association of leaf Zn with grain Zn concentration was stronger than with culm and panicle Zn. The results indicate that Zn application after rice nursery transplanting is more important for grain Zn enrichment in all rice systems than for increase in grain yield in all systems except AWD where grain yield was also increased. More grain yield in CF and AWD as compared to SRI and AR can also be attributed to decreased spikelet sterility and to better Zn phyto‐availability in these rice systems at physiological maturity.     

氮锌配施对不同玉米品种灌浆期生理特性和籽粒氮锌含量的影响

提高粮食作物中可食部分的锌生物有效性是解决人体缺锌的重要措施。为研究氮锌肥料施用对玉米籽粒锌营养的影响,本研究以郑单958和谷神玉66为试验材料,在大田条件下研究3个氮水平(90、180 和225 kg N·hm^-2)和2个喷锌处理(0和4.5 kg·hm^-2 ZnSO₄·7H₂O)下玉米籽粒产量和氮锌含量以及灌浆期叶片生理特性的变化。结果表明,吐丝后,与施氮量90 kg·hm^-2处理相比,施氮量180和225 kg·hm^-2处理提高了吐丝后穗位叶SPAD值及硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、碳酸酐酶(CA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和灌浆后期PSⅡ综合性能指数(PI),降低了丙二醛(MDA)含量。施锌能提高吐丝后穗位叶CA、SOD、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和灌浆后期SPAD值和PI,降低MDA含量。2个品种相比,谷神玉66灌浆后期穗位叶SPAD值、叶片初始荧光(F_o)和最大荧光(F_m)较高,而灌浆前期穗位叶PI和吐丝后NR、CA、SOD以及POD活性则以郑单958较高。施氮量为90 kg·hm^-2时,玉米籽粒产量平均为8.55 t·hm^-2,随着施氮量增加,玉米籽粒产量显著提高。籽粒中氮含量以施氮量180 kg·hm^-2时最高,为14.85 g·kg^-1。施氮量90和180 kg·hm^-2时,籽粒锌含量平均为27.2 mg·kg^-1,显著高于施氮量225 kg·hm^-2处理。与不施锌相比,喷锌后玉米籽粒产量未有显著变化,籽粒中氮、锌含量分别增加了11.7%和18.0%。郑单958籽粒产量较谷神玉66提高了3.8%,籽粒氮锌含量则分别减少了11.9%和5.3%。综合来看,施氮量为180 kg N·hm^-2时,与喷施ZnSO₄·7H₂O 4.5 kg·hm^-2 配合施用能够增强玉米灌浆期叶片SPAD和荧光特性,提高氮锌代谢关键酶活性,增强氧自由基清除系统酶活性,减弱膜脂过氧化作用的伤害,促进籽粒中氮、锌的吸收和累积。本研究结果可为玉米生产中优化锌生物强化措施提供理论依据。     

湘西花垣矿区蔬菜重金属污染现状及健康风险评价

对湘西花垣锰矿、铅锌矿区的部分蔬菜及其种植土壤进行了调查和重金属含量分析,通过污染指数法和经蔬菜途径重金属暴露接触对人体的健康风险进行了系统评价。结果表明,与非矿区比较,两矿区蔬菜、土壤Pb、Zn和Cd含量较高,矿区土壤Pb、Zn、Cd含量均超过GB15618—1995《土壤环境质量标准》二级标准（pH〈6.5）的污染警戒值;矿区蔬菜Pb、Zn和Cd含量均超过国家蔬菜重金属元素限量标准,分别为限量标准的2.0～10.75、0.9～2.5倍和2.2～19.8倍;两矿区蔬菜受到了Pb、Cd的严重污染,Zn的轻-中度污染。重金属暴露接触对人体的风险评估结果表明,两矿区居民通过蔬菜途径摄入的Pb和Cd对其健康存在较大的潜在风险,且对儿童的健康风险高于成年人。因此,矿区土壤上种植蔬菜会对食用这些蔬菜的当地居民产生一定的健康风险,应采取合适的治理措施进行矿区污染土壤的修复。