大通县"西繁东育"项目实施情况调查

通过“西繁东育”项目的实施,大通县牛羊贩运育肥规模户由2001年的898户发展到2005年的4170户,贩运育肥出栏牛羊由2001年的12.12万头只增加到2005年的65万头只,纯收入由2001年的456.76万元增长到2005年的4548.97万元,逐步成为大通农民增收的主渠道。     

西鄂尔多斯地区四合木与红砂灌丛的阻沙能力对比研究

[目的] 对比分析西鄂尔多斯地区四合木与红砂灌丛的阻沙能力,为原生草原与荒漠过渡带植物的多样性保护和珍稀濒危物种保育提供理论依据与数据支持。 [方法] 以西鄂尔多斯国家级自然保护区内四合木(Tetraena mongolica)、红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)灌丛沙堆为研究对象,运用典型样方法对四合木和红砂灌丛沙堆形态与生长状况进行系统测定,探讨沙堆形态发育及阻沙能力与四合木和红砂灌丛形态的关系。 [结果] ①四合木和红砂灌丛沙堆均呈半椭球型发育,四合木灌丛沙堆形态参数显著大于红砂灌丛沙堆(p＜0.05); ②四合木、红砂灌丛与沙堆形态参数间(灌丛高度除外)具有显著相关性(p＜0.01)。四合木灌丛沙堆长轴、短轴、半径与高度之间均呈二次函数关系,表明四合木灌丛可能进入衰退阶段,而红砂灌丛沙堆长轴、短轴、半径与高度之间均呈线性关系,表明红砂灌丛沙堆仍在发育; ③当冠幅面积(S_p)≤1.44 m²时,红砂灌丛沙堆的体积大于四合木灌丛沙堆,当S_p＞1.44 m²时,四合木灌丛沙堆的体积一直大于红砂灌丛沙堆。四合木和红砂灌丛单位冠幅面积所拦截的沙物质体积分别为0.13和0.06 m³。 [结论] 可以初步判断四合木的阻沙能力大于红砂。整体来看,四合木对风沙环境的适应性较红砂强,随着冠幅面积的增长四合木灌丛拦截沙物质的能力更强。     

基于Logistic回归模型的西非沿海欧洲沙丁鱼渔场与环境因素关系模型的构建

为研究西非沿海不同季节海洋环境因素对欧洲沙丁鱼Sardina pilchardus渔场形成的影响,基于Logistic模型,利用2007—2011年中国渔船在西非沿海捕捞欧洲沙丁鱼的渔业数据和网络获取的海洋环境遥感数据[包括海表温度(SST)、叶绿素a浓度(Chl)和海面高度异常(SSHA)],构建了春、夏、秋、冬4个季节欧洲沙丁鱼渔场与环境因素关系的模型,利用逐步回归法对自变量进行筛选,并对最优回归模型进行评价,最后利用该模型对4个季节影响欧洲沙丁鱼出现的各个环境要素进行了分析。结果表明,4个季节欧洲沙丁鱼的出现与地理位置有着密切的关系,而在4个季节中环境因素对欧洲沙丁鱼出现有着不同的作用,即春季影响欧洲沙丁鱼出现的显著因子为SST和SSHA,夏季为Chl和SSHA,秋季为SST,冬季则为SSHA。该研究结果对欧洲沙丁鱼渔场形成机制分析具有一定的应用价值。     

Knowledge Levels and Perceived Effect of Climate Change on Extension Delivery in North West Province,South Africa

A simple random sampling technique was used to select 20% of the extension officers in North West Province, South Africa. Data on knowledge levels and perceived effect of climate change on extension delivery were collected and analyzed using frequency counts, percentages, and multiple regression analysis. The results show that a wide range of knowledge levels exists on climate change issues related to causes, effect, vulnerability, and mitigation and that extension officers will have to address new skill requirements for farmers, the need for specialized extension services, and changing and diversified livelihoods. The results have several implications for training and educating extension officers on climate change issues.     

MYCORRHIZAL INFLUENCE ON FRUIT YIELD AND MINERAL CONTENT OF TOMATO GROWN UNDER SALT STRESS

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) yields are known to decrease for plants grown in saline soils. This study was conducted to determine the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation on fruit yield and mineral content of salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive tomato cultivars grown with varied levels of salt. NaCl and CaCl₂were added to soil in the irrigation water in equal molar ratios to give EC_e values of 1.4 (nonstressed) and 4.9 dS m^?1 (salt stressed). Plants were grown in a greenhouse using unsterilized, low phosphorus (P) (silty clay) soil-sand mix. Mycorrhizal root colonization occurred whether cultivars were salt stressed or nonstressed, but the extent of AMF root colonization was higher in AMF inoculated than uninoculated plants. The salt tolerant cultivar ‘Pello’ generally had higher AMF root colonization than the salt sensitive cultivar ‘Marriha’. Shoot dry matter (DM) yield, fruit fresh yield, and AMF colonization were higher for plants grown under nonstressed than for plants grown under salt stressed conditions. Shoot DM and fruit fresh yields were higher in AMF inoculated than uninoculated plants grown with or without salt stress. Pello generally had higher fruit fresh yield per plant and fruit weight than Marriha, but these differences were only significant for fruit weight in unioculated plants grown under salt stressed conditions. The enhancement in fruit fresh yield due to AMF inoculation was 26 and 23% under nonstressed and 28 and 46% under salt stressed treatments for Pello and Marriha, respectively. For both cultivars, fruit contents of P, potassium (K), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and iron (Fe) were higher in AMF inoculated compared with uninoculated plants grown under nonstressed and salt stressed conditions. Fruit Na concentrations were lower in AMF inoculated than uninoculated plants grown under salt stressed conditions. The enhancement in P, K, Zn, Cu, and Fe acquisition due to AMF inoculation was more pronounced in Marriha than in Pello cultivar under salt stressed conditions. The results of this study indicated that AMF inoculated plants had greater tolerance to salt stress than unioculated plants.     

云南玉山竹属新植物

本文发表了产于云南的攘攘竹、粉竹等2个新种。她们产于中国云南省西部,并生于沼泽地     

小麦条锈病罹病叶片核酸水解酶活力的变化

小麦初生叶接种条锈菌后，亲和反应寄主叶片ＲＮａｓｅ活性，分别在潜育期和产孢期呈双峰型增长；不亲和反应叶片ＲＮａｓｅ活性在侵染初期高于健康对照，但低于亲和性反应，其后随着病程发展，近免疫反应叶片ＲＮａｓｅ活性与对照相同，而中度抗病反应叶片也呈双峰增长，峰高及峰延续时间不同于亲和性反应。条锈菌侵染对ＤＮａｓｅ活性影响较小，亲和反应叶片仅在产孢阶段ＤＮａｓｅ活性有所增强，中度抗病反应叶片在显症时活性增强。     

Emerging viral zoonoses: frameworks for spatial and spatiotemporal risk assessment and resource planning

Spatial epidemiological tools are increasingly being applied to emerging viral zoonoses (EVZ), partly because of improving analytical methods and technologies for data capture and management, and partly because the demand is growing for more objective ways of allocating limited resources in the face of the emerging threat posed by these diseases. This review documents applications of geographical information systems (GIS), remote sensing (RS) and spatially-explicit statistical and mathematical models to epidemiological studies of EVZ.Landscape epidemiology uses statistical associations between environmental variables and diseases to study and predict their spatial distributions. Phylogeography augments epidemiological knowledge by studying the evolution of viral genetics through space and time. Cluster detection and early warning systems assist surveillance and can permit timely interventions. Advanced statistical models can accommodate spatial dependence present in epidemiological datasets and can permit assessment of uncertainties in disease data and predictions. Mathematical models are particularly useful for testing and comparing alternative control strategies, whereas spatial decision-support systems integrate a variety of spatial epidemiological tools to facilitate widespread dissemination and interpretation of disease data. Improved spatial data collection systems and greater practical application of spatial epidemiological tools should be applied in real-world scenarios.     

1956—2010年辽西地区玉米气候适宜度时空分布特征

以玉米气候适宜度模型及辽西地区4市8站近50 a(1956—2010年)逐日气象数据为基础,利用空间插值、经验正交函数分析方法(EOF)和小波变换分析方法对玉米全生育期及各主要生育时期气候适宜度的时间变化和空间分布特征进行分析,研究气候变化过程中辽西地区农业气候资源对玉米生长的适宜程度的变化特征。结果表明：1)近50 a,辽西地区玉米全生育期的降水、日照及综合气候适宜度呈逐年下降趋势,除开花期综合气候适宜度呈上升趋势外,播种、出苗、成熟期综合气候适宜度均呈下降趋势;2)在空间分布上,辽西玉米全生育期的温度适宜度、日照适宜度,播种、成熟期的综合气候适宜度分别表现出由南向北、由西向东、由西向东南和东北、由东北向西南递增,而出苗期综合气候适宜度表现为由西北向东南和东北递减;全生育期的降水适宜度、综合气候适宜度和开花期的综合气候适宜度由北向南均呈现“低－高－低－高”的带状分布特征,播种、出苗和开花期限制因素分别为降水、日照和日照;3)EOF 分析发现,辽西地区玉米全生育期综合气候适宜度距平百分率在空间上表现为西南向东北微幅递减;在时间上,小波分析发现辽西玉米综合气候适宜距平百分率第1特征向量的时间系数存在14~30 a、8~14 a、3~7 a 的3类尺度的震荡周期。     

2000—2020年鄂尔多斯市植被NDVI变化格局及归因分析

处于农牧交错区的鄂尔多斯市生态系统较为敏感,为探究全球气候变化以及人类活动对鄂尔多斯市生态系统的影响,利用MOD13Q1 NDVI数据以及同期气象数据,分析了鄂尔多斯市2000—2020年植被NDVI变化特征,并利用偏相关分析法以及残差驱动力分析法对引起植被NDVI变化的气候和人为因素进行了分析。结果表明:(1)21年来鄂尔多斯市植被NDVI总体呈现上升趋势,植被改善明显,全市68.66%的区域植被NDVI得到改善,西南部改善幅度小于东北部;(2)鄂尔多斯市植被NDVI与气候因子偏相关性存在明显的地区差异,植被NDVI与降水的偏相关性较高,降水与温度共同影响的区域约占总面积的2.27%;(3)鄂尔多斯市植被受到人类活动与气候的共同影响,21年来人类活动对鄂尔多斯市植被NDVI变化起到主导作用,其平均贡献率为82.67%,气候变化对植被NDVI生长的影响主要体现在降水因素上。人类对鄂尔多斯市的植被影响具有两面性,城市建设对植被的生长起到制约作用,生态工程的实施则有利于植被的生长;(4)2000—2020年鄂尔多斯市以NDVI表征的植被覆盖度的增加与人类活动密不可分,但是同时鄂尔多斯地区气候条件对植被生长有很大的限制作用,实施生态工程中要切实注意到气候变化所带来的影响,切不可盲目扩大生态工程,对于毛乌素沙地等地区植被需要实行人工保护,使其形成稳定生态系统。