Using traffic flow theory to model traffic mortality in mammals

Traffic has a considerable effect on population and community dynamics through the disruption and fragmentation of habitat and traffic mortality. This paper deals with a systematic way to acquire knowledge about the probabilities of successful road crossing by mammals and what characteristics affect this traversability. We derive a model from traffic flow theory to estimate traffic mortality in mammals related to relevant road, traffic and species characteristics. The probability of successful road crossing is determined by the pavement width of the road, traffic volume, traversing speed of the mammals and their body length. We include the traversability model in a simple two-patch population model to explore the effects of these road, traffic and species characteristics on population dynamics. Analysis of the models show that, for our parameter ranges, traffic volume and traversing speed have the largest effect on traffic mortality. The population size is especially negatively affected when roads have to be crossed during the daily movements. These predictions could be useful to determine the expected effectiveness of mitigating measures relative to the current situation. Mitigating measures might alter the road and traffic characteristics. The effects of these changes on traffic mortality and population dynamics could be analysed by calculating the number of traffic victims before and after the mitigating measures. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

加强农用运输车管理 做好交通事故预防

近年来因农用运输车所造成的交通事故不断发生,且逐年呈现上升势头,本文从驾驶员的因素、车辆自身因素以及驾驶环境条件、职能部门的监管等方面对农用运输车交通事故的原因作了分析,提出了一些预防事故发生的措施。     

A bio-economic indicators suite for the appraisal of the demersal trawl fishery in the Southern Adriatic Sea (Central Mediterranean)

The state of demersal fishery in the Southern Adriatic Sea (GFCM-GSA 18, Central Mediterranean), years 1996–2003, from a biological, social and economic point of view was analysed using 47 indicators: 22 biological indicators obtained from fishery-independent data through yearly experimental bottom trawl surveys (“Medits” Programme), and 25 socio-economic indicators estimated from fishery-dependent data, available from the monitoring system of the Italian Institute for Economic Research on Fisheries and Aquaculture (IREPA). Biological indicators were applied for “single-species” (Eledone cirrhosa, E. moschata, Illex coindetti, Merluccius merluccius, Mullus barbatus, Nephrops norvegicus, Parapenaeus longirostris, Raja clavata, Zeus faber) and for “multi-species” analysis. Economic indicators describing economic performance, productivity, costs and prices, and the overall economic sustainability of fishery were estimated. Social indicators and a general indicator summarising social sustainability were also considered. Indicators’ values were displayed using the Traffic Light system. Both fishery-independent and fishery-dependent indicators highlighted a progressive decline of the trawl fishery system in the GSA 18. This decline was mainly related to the ongoing depletion of the traditional fishery target species (mostly long-living, late-maturing species) partially replaced by the increase of traditional accessory species (generally short-living species), as well as to the reduction of productivity and increasing costs. The whole procedure was proposed as a contribution to the identification and applicability of bio-economic indicators for fishery management purposes.     

交通事故现场三维数字化信息的获取及再现

道路交通事故已成为全球共同面临的最为严重的社会公害之一,我国正处于道路交通事故高发期。交通事故现场的勘测对交通事故处理质量和深入分析事故产生的原因有着重要的影响。我们分析了现有的事故现场勘测方法的特点,介绍了利用激光扫描对交通事故现场进行三维数字化信息获取的新技术,论述了激光扫描原理、交通事故现场三维数字化信息获取和处理的过程及数据处理的常用方法,以及该技术的应用与发展趋势。     

基于交通安全的道路植物配置方法研究

从道路绿化对交通安全的影响、植物配置和交通安全的关系着手,研究了各种类型道路中通过植物配置来促进交通安全的方法。     

践踏胁迫对匍匐翦股颖生理特性的影响

[目的]探讨夏季高温高湿环境下,践踏胁迫对匍匐翦股颖果岭草坪草生理特性的影响。[方法]以3份匍匐剪股颖品种(系)为试验材料,测定并分析叶片相对含水量、质膜相对透性、过氧化物酶活性、超氧化物歧化酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性、脯氨酸含量及丙二醛含量这7个相关的生理指标。[结果]践踏胁迫下供试草种的叶片相对含水量、质膜相对透性、丙二醛含量、脯氨酸含量、保护酶活性等指标在践踏强度、草种之间均存在显著性差异(P0.05),以粤选1号匍匐剪股颖各指标的变化幅度最小,表现出了较强的耐践踏性。[结论]供试草种耐践踏性依次为粤选1号新品系2号Penncross。     

A simplified method for estimating soil compaction

We describe a simplified model that allows users to explore some of the main aspects of soil compaction. It is intended for use by non-experts, such as students, and is written as an easy-to-use spreadsheet. It estimates soil bulk density under the centre-line of a wheel track from readily available tyre details. The model uses an analytical method to estimate the propagation of stress in the soil. It contains compactibility data for contrasting soils and it accounts for both rebound and recompression realistically. We present examples that show the potential of the model in selecting tyres and wheel systems to minimise compaction.     

恩施市松材线虫病扩散规律研究

利用恩施市历年的松材线虫病除治资料,对该疫区松材线虫病的扩散趋势和发生规律进行了初步分析。结果表明：恩施市松材线虫病的发生范围随着时间的推进,发生地块逐年增多,发生程度逐年加重,发生范围逐年向外围推移。发生面积由最初的2．54km^2扩展到900．00km^2之多,疫木数量呈逐年上升趋势。由于受到山脊阻拦,南北方向的扩散速度与范围远大于东西方向。公路沿线、河流沿岸远重于地势较高的山脊等地。在该病害除治时采用皆伐的方式极易导致环境条件较差的森林群落生境片段化。该研究为恩施市松材线虫病的除治和抑制马尾松群落片段化提供了重要的理论依据。     

郑州市休闲农业空间分布特征分析

休闲农业作为拓展城市旅游的朝阳产业,满足了城市居民日益增长的游憩需求,同时也为城市发展提供了未来储备。笔者以郑州市为例,综合空间地域、分布类型、交通可达性等多种因素,对郑州市休闲农业的空间特征进行分析评价,并针对休闲农业存在的问题,从规划合理性、类型多样性、空间可达性和提高参与性等方面提出了一些建议,旨在推动郑州市休闲农业的合理化均衡化发展,同时也为城市规划、旅游规划、政府合理优化景点布局等提供参考。     

Traffic Engineering and Traffic Matrix in IP Backbone Network Based on MPLS

On current network actuality and development trend, it is necessary to put traffic engineering in practice in IP backbone network on IP/MPLS. The essential demand in actualizing traffic engineering is traffic matrix measurement. After analyzing the defect of current measurement method, traffic engineering model and traffic matrix on LSP in IP backbone network based on MPLS, or relevant routing algorithm are researched. The merit of the traffic matrix's measurement method is that implement of measurement is only located in the edge node; therefore, network resource's cost is lower and it offers a new train of thoughts for resolving the flaw of current main measurement methods, moreover, and condition for actualizing traffic engineering.