菜粉蝶发育起点温度和有效积温的研究

采用18,21,24,27,30℃五个温度对菜粉蝶(Pieris rapeasp L.)各虫态(龄)发育起点温度和有效积温进行了测定.研究结果表明,卵、幼虫和蛹在18～30℃范围内均能正常生长发育,尤以24～27℃条件下最适宜,发育速率与温度呈直线关系:卵、1龄幼虫、2龄幼虫、3龄幼虫、4龄幼虫、5龄幼虫和蛹的发育起点温度分别为8.4,8.8,8.3,8.3,8.6,8.6,14.5℃,有效积温分别为56.4,53.8,53.1,53.1,47.7,47.7,82.8 d·℃;卵、幼虫和蛹的发育历期分别为4～8d,11～22 d,5～16 d;成虫寿命4～6 d.延安地区菜粉蝶1 a可发生5～6代.     

Determining reference values for stem water potential and maximum daily trunk shrinkage in young apple trees based on plant responses to water deficit

The use of plant water status indicators such as midday stem water potential (Ψ_stem) and maximum daily trunk shrinkage (MDS) in irrigation scheduling requires the definition of a reference or threshold value, beyond which irrigation is necessary. These reference values are generally obtained by comparing the seasonal variation of plant water status with the environmental conditions under non-limiting soil water availability. In the present study an alternative approach is presented based on the plant’s response to water deficit. A drought experiment was carried out on two apple cultivars (Malus domestica Borkh. ‘Mutsu’ and ‘Cox Orange’) in which both indicators (Ψ_stem and MDS) were related to several plant physiological responses. Sap flow rates, maximum net photosynthesis rates and daily radial stem growth (DRSG) (derived from continuous stem diameter variation measurements) were considered in the assessment of the approach. Depending on the chosen plant response in relationship with Ψ_stem or MDS, the obtained reference values varied between −1.04 and −1.46 MPa for Ψ_stem and between 0.17 and 0.28 mm for MDS. In both cultivars, the approach based on maximum photosynthesis rates resulted in less negative Ψ_stem values and smaller MDS values, compared to the approaches with sap flow and daily radial stem growth. In the well-irrigated apple trees, day-to-day variations in midday Ψ_stem and MDS were related to the evaporative demand. These variations were more substantial for MDS than for midday Ψ_stem.     

Genetic variations in survival of rohu carp (Labeo rohita, Hamilton) after Aeromonas hydrophila infection in challenge tests

A challenge test against Aeromonas hydrophila was conducted using 2062 rohu carp (Labeo rohita) fingerlings obtained from 52 dams and 87 sires (87 full-sib families) of two year-classes (2003 and 2004). Attempts to establish a cohabitant challenge model were not successful. Therefore, fish were challenged by intraperitoneal injection with A. hydrophila in two replicate tanks per year-class, and dead fish were collected hourly. The mortality reached its peak at 16–22 h after challenge and had almost completely stopped after 58 h. The test was terminated after 382 h at which the average survival was 43.9 and 48.9% in the two 2003 year-class tanks, and 77.1 and 35.8% in the two 2004 year-class tanks. Heritability estimates for survival were obtained from sire and dam threshold models (THR) and sire and dam linear repeatability models (LINR). For both types of models the heritability estimates based on data from single tanks were not consistent. For both year-classes, data from one of the two challenged tanks demonstrated significant additive genetic variation in survival during the A. hydrophila infection, whereas the heritability estimates were not significantly different from zero for the other tank. Further, genetic correlation between survivals in the two replicate tanks in each year-class was not significantly different from zero. The differential results from the replicate tanks demonstrate that additional challenge test experiments are needed before firm conclusions can be drawn about the magnitude of additive genetic variation for survival to aeromonasis in rohu carp. A cohabitant challenge model that allows the testing of important defence mechanisms in the skin and mucous membranes of the fish might have been more appropriate. To establish a valid cohabitant challenge model for rohu carp should be given high priority.     

田间枣树叶片复杂目标图像综合分割方法

设计了一种复杂图像分割的综合算法。首先对图像进行预处理,锁定大致目标范围,对图像进行增强,再基于阈值分割和Canny算子对图像进行初步分割。然后结合形态学处理方法及各种逻辑运算对分割结果进行优化处理,得到精确完整的目标图像。以田间枣树叶片图像为例进行实验,证明了该算法的可行性和有效性。该算法对叶片重叠、叶片灰度不均匀等复杂图像都有很好的分割效果,获得了边缘清晰、平滑、定位精确的边缘图像。     

牧草抗旱机理与节水灌溉技术研究

在干旱、半干旱地区，牧草因长期处于亏水环境中，形成了一定的抗性，存在一个较宽的对水分利用相对较高的生理耗水阈值。木文从这一水分生理角度出发，在充分研究牧草生理生态适旱系列变化过程的基础上，确定了几种干旱半干旱草地的经济耗水量，并制定出相应的经济灌溉制度。     

自动土壤水分站资料质量控制及其相关关系分析

以距离自动土壤水分站最近的人工观测地段的历史土壤水分资料为依据,开展对应的自动土壤水分站观测资料的质量控制阈值研究.统计有土壤水分观测任务的各台站近30年10 ～ 50 cm深度5个层次人工观测的土壤重量含水率最大、最小值,且分析与本站凋萎湿度和田间持水量的相关性,作为自动土壤水分站所属区域片上的极值,完成区域极值检查规则的定义.通过分析人工站历年极值序列的均方差确定条件阈值范围和安全指标,实现该区域内自动土壤水分站资料的实时质量控制;通过邻近站资料对比、时序检查等自检方法完成人工干预质量控制.     

基于TM影像的流域河网信息提取

针对韭园沟流域的TM影响,采用单波段阈值法、谱间关系法、归一化水体指数、HIS彩色模型4种方式进行流域河网信息提取,得出以下结论:(1)基于TM影像6波段的单波段阈值提取方法,可以获得较清晰的河网信息,主支流河网连续性较好,河流脉络明显,但是由于遥感影像上阴影的影像,单波段改变提取阈值难以把阴影与水体进行有效区分,提取效果仅能作为一个参考;(2)利用谱间关系法和IHS颜色模型提取的河网,主干道提取效果明显,大面积的水体也可以很好地表现,支流河网只能表现大致的轮廓,存在许多严重的断流现象。     

心材提取物和专用木材防腐剂作为木材保护剂的相对功效

本文调查了三种耐用木材(Afzelia africana J.E. Smith; Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guill & Perr.) Brenam. Syn. E guinensis G.Don. or Milicia excelsa (Welw) C.C. Berg. Syn. Chlorophora excelsa (Welw) Benth.)的心材提取物（在60%的甲醇中风干提取）和两种专用木材防腐剂（CCA和Penta）在暴露的土壤区组设计条件下，抑制三种木材腐朽菌(Coridopsis Polyzona Klotzch; Lenzites trabea; or Trametes cingulata Fr.)对见血封喉边材的侵袭的相对潜能，并测定其阈值。提取物和防腐剂的剂量分别是8.009、24.778、48.056、96.111、144.167 kg·m-3 ，样品的暴露处理时间与ASTM D1413-72规定的一致分别是14周和18周。结果显示：在阈值范围内，任何一种心材提取物或木材防腐剂在研究中对木材腐朽菌的抑制能力在0.01的显著水平下，差异显著。这些生物杀灭剂的相对功效是取决于真菌的种类。没有任何一种心材提取物或木材防腐剂（除在用最高的存留水平处理被侵袭的非洲毒箭木的条件下）对于被处理的木材能够授予"非常持久"等级。本土树种的心材提取物相对持久力的减少的可能原因是复杂的。在最高的存留量（144.167 kg·m-3）水平下，在0.05显著水平下每种心材提取物和任一种专用木材防腐剂（CCA和Penta）之间的功效差异不显著.     

露地栽培条件下大白菜氮肥投入阈值研究

通过田间试验,研究了不同施氮量对大白菜产量、氮肥利用率、硝态氮残留量的影响。结果表明,施氮对大白菜有显著的增产作用,但随着施氮量的增加产量变化不大,产量对施氮量的反应呈平台模式。氮肥利用率在3.3%-12.6%,并且随施氮量的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,在施氮量为656.4 kg/hm^2（纯氮300 kg/hm^2＋有机肥12 000 kg/hm^2）时,氮肥利用率和作物产量最高。合理控制氮肥用量会促进作物对土壤氮素的吸收。施氮可明显提高0-180 cm剖面土壤NO3--N的累积量,残留的NO3--N的分布随施氮量的增加而显著增加,并且随施氮量的增加残留深度下移,表现出明显的底层累积。各处理土壤氮均集中在0-100 cm土层中,100 cm土层以下,各处理氮含量渐趋一致。综合不同施氮量对大白菜产量以及环境指标的影响,在本试验肥力水平下,大白菜氮肥投入阈值为656.4 kg/hm^2（纯氮300 kg/hm^2＋有机肥12 000 kg/hm^2）时,能够兼顾作物高产与环境安全。     

Impact of defoliation on yield of group IV soybeans in Mississippi

Field experiments were conducted during 2009 and 2010 to evaluate the effects of defoliation on maturity group IV soybeans, Glycine max (L.) Merr., grown in Mississippi. During each year, two locations were planted with maturity group IV soybeans that were subjected to various levels of defoliation during R3, R5, and R6 growth stages. Soybeans were subjected to various levels of defoliation within the upper 50% of the plant canopy, lower 50% of the plant canopy, and whole-plant canopy. There was greater yield loss from defoliation occurring in the upper plant canopy compared with the lower plant canopy during R3 and R5 stages, but no difference between canopy regions during R6 stage. Yield loss from whole plant defoliation was greater than upper or lower canopy defoliation. Results confirmed that soybeans during R3 and R5 stages are more susceptible to yield loss than during R6. However, yield losses were not significantly different between R 3 and R5 until defoliation exceeded 63%. Dynamic economic injury levels were determined for each growth stage based on yield loss equations, value of the crop, and cost of control and can be used as a basis for developing action thresholds in high-yielding soybean production environments.