Sampling saproxylic beetles: lessons from a 10-year monitoring study

We sampled saproxylic beetles using trunk window traps in two birch-dominated forests in Finland during 1990-1999. The sampling scheme, 10 traps attached to living fruiting bodies of Fomes fomentarius growing on dead birches, remained unchanged in both forests throughout the study period. Beetles belonging to 32 selected families were identified every year, whereas all species were identified during the last 4 years. Total number of identified individuals was 40,294 and number of species 583, of which 258 were saproxylic (dependent on dead wood). Species richness of rare and threatened saproxylic beetles in the samples varied a lot between the years and did not fluctuate synchronously between the forests. Variation between years was smaller when all saproxylic species were pooled together and some abundant species fluctuated synchronously in the two forests. Similarity indices and DCA-ordination did not generally suggest decreasing similarity between samples with increasing temporal isolation. Incidence-based similarities of common saproxylic species within and between forests and years were high (means 0.7-0.8), whereas those of rare saproxylics were roughly 50% smaller and much more variable. More than 75% of the common saproxylic species found during the entire 10-year period were detected already after 3 years of sampling but accumulation of rare and threatened species was much slower. Our results suggest that: (1) occurrence of rare and threatened species in samples is much less predictable than that of common species and, e.g. reserve selection based on rarities should be made cautiously; (2) estimation of total number of threatened species in a forest is very difficult, because such species accumulate slowly in the samples; (3) samples from different years can be comparable in certain cases.     

河南省苹果园鞘翅目天敌昆虫资源发生种类记述——步甲科Carabdae

详细描述了鞘翅目步甲科3属6种,等天敌昆虫的分类地位、形态特征,简述了天敌昆虫的生活习性、发生程度。     

哈尔滨市不同生境区域鞘翅目昆虫多样性

[目的]探讨鞘翅目昆虫多样性变化对不同生境类型的生态反应。[方法]选取哈尔滨市不同生境区域中的样地,分析鞘翅目昆虫的群落结构及其多样性。[结果]共获得鞘翅目昆虫标本3 215个,隶属鞘翅目55科120属233种,其中以小蠹科（Scolytidae）等为优势类群。东北林业大学林场多样性指数最高,其次是哈尔滨植物园,帽儿山实验林场老山实验站最低。帽儿山实验林场老山实验站物种丰富度和优势度指数最高,其次是东北林业大学林场,哈尔滨植物园最低。不同生境类型的鞘翅目昆虫群落多样性的时间动态不同,哈尔滨植物园的鞘翅目昆虫群落多样性指数随时间的波动最小,帽儿山实验林场老山实验站的物种数和优势度指数波动较大。不同生境区域鞘翅目昆虫相似性系数为中等不相似或极不相似水平,说明各生境类型的鞘翅目昆虫栖息地空间异质性较大,导致鞘翅目昆虫群落间相似性程度较低。[结论]该研究可为城市生态可持续发展、森林生态系统的多样性保护提供科学依据和理论基础。     

The soil seed bank of the threatened plant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Magnolia stellata</Emphasis> is subordinate to the emergence of current-year seedlings

We studied seed bank formation of the threatened star magnolia, Magnolia stellata, to examine the early stage of regeneration. Forty-five seedling plots (2 × 2 m), each including a soil-sampling quadrat (40 × 40 cm), were established randomly under or around the crowns of mature M. stellata trees. Seeds of M. stellata were collected from each quadrat to a depth of 5 cm. Only four seeds of M. stellata were found (0.56 seeds/m²) and all were located under mature crowns. Current-year seedlings were abundant in water channels, on moss, or under mature crowns, suggesting that the seeds may require wet soil conditions for germination. Magnolia stellata seeds show considerable germination below the crowns of mature trees in the year following masting, while some seeds remain dormant in the soil. Considering the soil seed bank and the current-year seedling bank of M. stellata, a frequent supply of seed is essential for the regeneration of this species. Thus, it is important to maintain mature trees in addition to promoting seed production.     

中国鳃金龟蛹的分类研究

通过对多年积累的金龟子蛹的形态学研究,系统描述了鳃金龟蛹的基本形态特征,首次编制了我国已知13属30种鳃金龟蛹的分种检索表。鳃金龟蛹的主要分类依据为:唇基、上唇及触角形状,额区特征,前胸背板形状,腹部背板有无发音器,发音器的数量及形状,腹部背板中纵线的形态,气门颜色及形状,尾部形状,尾角的有无;雄蛹外生殖器的形状,阳基侧突和阳茎端的形状;雌蛹臀节腹面形态、生殖孔形状及位置等。     

山东泰山瓢虫科昆虫名录（鞘翅目）

本文记录了采自山东泰山的瓢虫科昆虫３０种，其中属于山东省的新记录７种。     

高温处理对烟草甲各虫态的致死作用研究

[目的]为有效实施烟草储藏害虫综合治理、确保烟草及其制品品质提供新方法。[方法]研究不同温度（25、35、45、55、60、65℃）下处理不同时间（60、75、90、105、120 s）对烟草甲成虫、蛹、幼虫和卵的致死作用。[结果]结果表明,不同处理温度、不同处理时间对烟草甲各虫态的致死作用效果差异显著。在处理温度为25、35和45℃时,该试验各个处理时间对烟草甲各虫态均无致死作用,而在处理温度为55℃以上时对烟草甲各虫态均具有较强的致死作用。在处理温度为60℃时,对烟草甲成虫、蛹、幼虫和卵达到100%致死作用的最短处理时间分别为90、120、75和75 s。[结论]高温处理可以作为一种有效的害虫防治方式运用到储烟害虫综合治理当中。     

Pragmatic population viability targets in a rapidly changing world

To ensure both long-term persistence and evolutionary potential, the required number of individuals in a population often greatly exceeds the targets proposed by conservation management. We critically review minimum population size requirements for species based on empirical and theoretical estimates made over the past few decades. This literature collectively shows that thousands (not hundreds) of individuals are required for a population to have an acceptable probability of riding-out environmental fluctuation and catastrophic events, and ensuring the continuation of evolutionary processes. The evidence is clear, yet conservation policy does not appear to reflect these findings, with pragmatic concerns on feasibility over-riding biological risk assessment. As such, we argue that conservation biology faces a dilemma akin to those working on the physical basis of climate change, where scientific recommendations on carbon emission reductions are compromised by policy makers. There is no obvious resolution other than a more explicit acceptance of the trade-offs implied when population viability requirements are ignored. We recommend that conservation planners include demographic and genetic thresholds in their assessments, and recognise implicit triage where these are not met.     

小崎齿瓢虫属和长崎齿瓢虫属幼虫的形态记述

描述了小崎齿瓢虫属（Afidentula)和长崎齿瓢虫属（Afissula)各一种幼虫形态，幼虫标本保存于南京农业大学昆虫标本室。     

The effect of forest clearcutting in Norway on the community of saproxylic beetles on aspen

In a study of the effect of forest clear-cutting on the saproxylic beetle fauna in aspen in Norwegian boreonemoral forest, we find that both sun exposure and substrate are important structuring factors for the community of saproxylic beetles. Even though the species number and abundance is rather similar across the gradient of sun exposure, there is a major turnover in species composition in decaying aspen from mature forest to clear-cuttings. Our results confirm that aspen is an important element for beetle biodiversity both because of a generally species-rich community and a high number of rare and threatened (red-listed) beetles. There is a higher probability of presence of red-listed beetle species in snags than in logs. Sun exposure increases the probability of presence of red-listed species, but this was largely an effect of one dominating species. We conclude that retention of trees when clear-cutting is an important means for safeguarding the fauna of saproxylic beetles in aspen.