五大连池火山山杨叶功能性状的变异特征

[目的]探讨五大连池火山山杨叶功能性状特征,揭示植物对火山生境的适应,以及对不同坡向的生存策略,为特殊生境和微地形生境下植物的适应机制提供参考依据.[方法]以5座火山共有植物山杨为对象,测定叶面积(LS)、叶厚度(LT)、比叶面积(SLA)、叶干物质量(LDMC)、叶碳含量(LCC)、叶氮含量(LNC)、叶磷含量(LP...     

Characteristics of soils derived from tephra and pyroclastic flow deposits from Taal volcano,the Philippines

The various morphological, physico-chemical and mineralogical properties of soils derived from tephra and pyroclastic flow deposits of the Taal volcano were characterized and evaluated.

1. As compared with the pumiceous sandy soils of Mt. Pinatubo, soils of the Taal volcano showed generally a finer texture (silty clay to clay) with the exception of the base surge materials consisting of loam.

2. Parent ashes ranged from basaltic-andesite to basalt, as compared with andesitic to dacite for Mt. Pinatubo. Lithologic nature as well as the age of the tephra seemed to account for the advanced degree of weathering and resultant high clay content in the Taal soil.

3. Clay consisted predominantly of crystalline silicate mineral dominated by halloysite. Dominance of crystalline clay could be due to the ustic moisture conditions with a long dry period. In common with Mt. Pinatubo soils, soils of the flood plains were dominated by 2 : 1 clay minerals.

4. Based on the data on andic soil properties the soils studied could not be classified as Andisols. Basically, the typical andic soil properties did not develop under a ustic soil moisture regime which contributed to the clay mineral composition. Two of the pedons examined in this study were classified as Andic Eutropepts while on the pedons studied had been classified as Ustarent.     

Rapid decline of the volcanically threatened Montserrat oriole

Prior to 1995, the Montserrat oriole (Icterus oberi) was confined to ca. 30 km² of hill forest on the Lesser Antillean island of Montserrat, but was not listed as globally threatened. Since then, the eruption of the Soufriere Hills volcano has destroyed more than half of the species’ range. Recent intensive monitoring has indicated that the species has also declined dramatically within the remaining intact forest, and is now critically threatened. Different monitoring and analytical methods indicate a decline of 8-52% p.a., and a remaining global population of ca. 100-400 pairs. This case study justifies the use of the restricted range criterion in designating threatened species. Despite intensive monitoring and the use of several analytical methods, it has proved surprisingly difficult to estimate the magnitude of the oriole’s decrease, or to control for potential artefacts in the census method. We discuss the reasons for this. The cause(s) of population decline in the intact forest are unclear, though two hypotheses appear plausible: a decrease in arthropod food, a result of volcanic ash fall, and an increase in nest predation as a result of increases in populations of opportunistic omnivores.     

长白山山脉火山喷出物发育土壤的特性及系统分类研究

以长白山、龙岗、宽甸火山喷出物发育土壤为研究对象,对供试土壤形态特征进行描述,并对其pH、有机碳、磷酸盐吸持量、铁铝氧化物、火山玻璃等性质进行测定,按照《中国土壤系统分类检索（第三版）》的原则和方法并结合美国《土壤系统分类检索》第11版,讨论了土壤的诊断层、诊断特性,并进行了分类检索。结果表明：火山喷出物发育的土壤未必就是火山灰土。长白山天池火山锥顶部的土壤发育程度极弱,属于新成土;天池火山锥底部的土壤已经形成土壤结构体,且具有火山灰特性,属于火山灰土;宽甸青椅山顶部土壤以及龙岗金龙顶子底部土壤均具有火山灰特性,检索为火山灰土;宽甸大川头底部土壤0.02 ~ 2 mm粒级含量未达到火山灰特性的要求,但具有雏形层,检索为雏形土。     

Some Physico-chemical characteristics of soils influenced by Taal Volcano in reference to soil productivity

Soils of the northwestern part of the Taal Volcano in the Philippines representing four geomorphological units (upper, middle, and lower slopes and alluvial plains) were investigated and related to soil productivity. Results revealed that the soils on the upper and middle slopes contained higher amounts of organic matter and available P and displayed a low P retention together with more favorable physical properties such as loamy soil texture, loose and friable and well-drained soils compared to those on the lower slopes and in the alluvial plains. Due to these favorable soil characteristics, sustained agricultural production was higher at the upper elevations than at the lower elevations. Year-round multistorey / mixed cropping systems of cultivation in the upper and middle landscapes were also made possible because the higher precipitation was evenly distributed coupled with cooler temperatures compared the conditions on the lower slopes and in the alluvial plains. On the other hand, the soils on the lower slopes and in the alluvial plains had a clayey texture and contained a lower amount of organic matter and available P, in addition to the lower precipitation, resulting in reduced land utilization, as indicated by the limited types of crops grown and lower yield of crops.     

The anatomy of a (potential) disaster: Volcanoes, behavior, and population viability of the short-tailed albatross (Phoebastria albatrus)

Catastrophic events, either from natural (e.g., hurricane) or human-induced (e.g., forest clear-cut) processes, are a well-known threat to wild populations. However, our lack of knowledge about population-level effects of catastrophic events has inhibited the careful examination of how catastrophes affect population growth and persistence. For the critically endangered short-tailed albatross (Phoebastria albatrus), episodic volcanic eruptions are considered a serious catastrophic threat since approximately 80% of the global population of ∼2500 birds (in 2006) currently breeds on an active volcano, Torishima Island. We evaluated how short-tailed albatross population persistence is affected by the catastrophic threat of a volcanic eruption relative to chronic threats. We also provide an example for overcoming the seemingly overwhelming problems created by modelling the population dynamics of a species with limited demographic data by incorporating uncertainty in our analysis. As such, we constructed a stochastic age-based matrix model that incorporated both catastrophic mortality due to volcanic eruptions and chronic mortality from several potential sources (e.g., contaminant exposure, fisheries bycatch) to determine the relative effects of these two types of threats on short-tailed albatross population growth and persistence. Modest increases (1%) in chronic (annual) mortality had a 2.5-fold greater effect on predicted short-tailed albatross stochastic population growth rate (lambda) than did the occurrence of periodic volcanic eruptions that follow historic eruption frequencies (annual probability of eruption 2.2%). Our work demonstrates that periodic catastrophic volcanic eruptions, despite their dramatic nature, are less likely to affect the population viability and recovery of short-tailed albatross than low-level chronic mortality.