甘薯胡萝卜素含量、干率聚合育种的一个特例

2005年采用高胡萝卜素、低干双亲的特殊组合‘浙薯81’ב浙薯255’创制出甘薯优异高干红肉品种‘浙薯13’。为了探索甘薯胡萝卜素含量、干率聚合育种新方法,2016年对这一双亲的正反交组合F1胡萝素含量、干率进行了测定和遗传分离规律分析。结果表明,正反交组合的胡萝卜素含量遗传主要受非加性效应控制,组合传递力分别为45.32%和49.73%。干率不仅存在加性效应,而且呈明显的超亲遗传,正反交组合的超亲优势分别达到15.12%和12.75%,超高亲率约70%,呈现相当于高干×低干的遗传分离,中、高干类型比例高达60%左右,其中高干类型比例约28%。杂交后代含有干率≥25%、胡萝卜素含量≥3 mg/100 g FW的株系占26.10%,含有干率≥25%、胡萝卜素含量≥10 mg/100 g FW的株系占9.78%。干率是甘薯食味的主要影响因子。因此,‘浙薯81’与‘浙薯255’杂交可以高效地聚合胡萝卜素含量和干率,大幅度提高优质食用高胡萝卜素育种的筛选效率。     

钾肥不同施用期对食用甘薯产量和品质的影响

为了探明适宜的钾肥施用量与施肥时期在提高甘薯产量和品质的同时,实现钾肥的高效利用和优化管理。以优质食用型甘薯徐薯32为试验材料,研究3个钾肥用量（0,150,300 kg／hm2）和3个施钾时期（生长早期即栽插后2周内、封垄期和块根膨大初期）处理对甘薯产量及营养成分的影响。结果表明：生长早期施用钾肥300 kg／hm2时,块根鲜薯和薯干产量获得最高值,分别为36495．0,12175．5 kg／hm2。钾肥不同施用期和施用水平对所测甘薯品质性状影响较大,甘薯生长早期追施钾肥有利于淀粉、麦芽糖和蔗糖的积累;低钾处理有利于淀粉及糖类物质的积累,而高钾处理则有利于蛋白质的积累。     

Studies on Genetic Transformatiom of Embryogenic Suspension Cultures of Sweetpotato

Genetic transformation of embryogenic suspension cultures of sweetpotato cv. Lizixiang wasconducted by using Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain A208SE harboring the binary vectors pROA93 with β-glucronidase (GUS) and neomycin phosphotransferase (NPT Ⅱ ) genes. The results indicated that embryogenicsuspension cultures precultured for 1 -3 d were suitable for the transformation. The optimal cocultivation timewas 4 - 5 d. The optimal concentration of kanamycin was 50-75 mg L-1 for suspension culture and 100 mg L-1for embryogenic callus proliferation and plant regeneration. The optimal concentration of carbencillin was 100mg L-1. Transgenic plants identified with GUS assays and PCR analyses were obtained.     

甘薯胚性悬浮细胞遗传转化的研究

 以甘薯品种栗子香的胚性悬浮细胞为材料 ,以A2 0 8SE(pROA93)为供体菌株 ,对甘薯胚性悬浮细胞遗传转化的基本条件进行了研究。结果表明 ,对胚性悬浮细胞预培养 1～ 3d有利于转化 ,适宜的共培养时间为 4～ 5d ,适宜的Kan浓度为 5 0～ 75mg·L-1(悬浮培养阶段 )和 10 0mg·L-1(增殖培养阶段和植株再生阶段 ) ,适宜的Carb浓度为 10 0mg·L-1。获得了经GUS检测及PCR检测的转基因植株。     

甘薯膜脂过氧化作用和膜保护系统的变化与品种抗旱性的关系

 对水分胁迫下甘薯叶片膜脂过氧化作用和膜保护系统变化的研究结果表明 ,水分胁迫下不同甘薯品种叶片中O2-·产生速率、MDA含量、SOD和POD活性、VC 含量比对照均有明显增加 ;除少数抗旱性较强的品种外 ,其余品种CAT活性比对照均有不同程度下降 ,但品种抗旱性愈强 ,其CAT活性下降幅度愈小。O2-· 和MDA的相对值(占对照 % )与品种抗旱性均呈极显著负相关 (r分别为 - 0 .772 8和 - 0 .836 2 ,P <0 .0 1) ,而SOD、POD、CAT及VC 的相对值与品种抗旱性均呈极显著正相关 (r分别为 0 .95 19、0 .82 2 6、0 .96 13和 0 .92 30 ,P <0 .0 1)。因此 ,这些指标可用于甘薯不同品种抗旱性的评定     

Effects of ages of plug transplants and planting depths on the growth and yield of sweetpotato

Sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. cv. Beniazuma] plug transplants produced from single node leafy cuttings under artificial light in a closed-type growth chamber were planted with roots and substrate of 11- and 15-day old (ca. two to three unfolded leaves with 0.08 m shoot length and three to four unfolded leaves with 0.11 m shoot length, respectively). The plug transplants of both the 11- and 15-day old were planted with one and three nodes depth (ca. 4 and 25 mm deep, respectively) inside the soil ridges (called one- and three-node depth, respectively, hereafter). The conventional vine cuttings (ca. 0.3 m long with seven to eight unfolded leaves) without roots were planted as Control treatment to compare the growth and yield of sweetpotato with each of the treatments of plug transplant. The main objectives of the study were to see the effects of ages of plug transplants and depths of planting for greater growth and yield of sweetpotato in the field. The yield of storage roots 115 days after planting in the field was 33 t ha⁻¹ when using 15-day old plug transplants planted with three-node depth and was 10 t ha⁻¹ greater than that in the Control. The mean storage root length was about 259 mm when using 11-day old plug transplants planted with three-node depth and was 33 mm greater than that in the Control. The mean diameter of storage roots was 70 mm when using 11- and 15-day old plug transplants planted with one-node depth and was 21 mm greater than that in the Control. The plug transplants planted either 11- or 15-day old showed greater overall performances than those of the conventional cuttings. The plug transplants planted with three-node depth showed greater performances than did the plug transplants planted with one-node depth.     

Diallel analysis of sweetpotatoes for resistance to sweetpotato virus disease

Sweetpotato virus disease (SPVD) is due to the dual infection and synergistic interaction of Sweetpotato feathery mottle potyvirus (SPFMV) and Sweetpotato chlorotic stunt crinivirus(SPCSV), and causes up to 98% yield loss in sweetpotato in East Africa. This study was conducted to determine the inheritance of resistance to SPVD in sweetpotato and to estimate the nature of genetic variance. Ten parental clones varying in reaction to SPVD were crossed in a half diallel mating design to generate 45 full-sib families. The families were graft-inoculated with SPCSV and SPFMV to induce SPVD and evaluated for resistance in a randomized complete block design at two sites in Namulonge, Uganda during 1998–2000. In serological assays for SPFMV and SPCSV,resistance to symptom development and recovery from initial systemic SPVD symptoms, characterised resistant genotypes. Genetic component analysis showed significant effects for both general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) for resistance to SPVD. GCA to SCA variance component ratios were large (0.51–0.87), hence GCA effects were more important than SCA effects. Resistant parents exhibited high GCA indicating that additive gene effects were predominant in the inheritance of resistance to SPVD and recovery. Narrow-sense heritability (31–41%) and broad-sense heritability (73–98%) were moderate to high, indicating that rapid genetic gains for SPVD resistance could be accomplished by mass selection breeding techniques. Two genotypes, New Kawogo and Sowola, had high negative GCA effects and had several families in specific crosses,which exhibited rapid recovery from SPVD,and are promising parents for enhancement of SPVD resistance and recovery. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

不同生育期甘薯块根淀粉糊化特性的差异

 采用差示扫描量热分析仪（DSC）和淀粉粘度速测仪（RVA）分析了3个甘薯品种（系）在块根发育过程中淀粉糊化特性的变化。结果表明，随甘薯生育期的延长，3个品种的淀粉率都呈下降趋势，但直链淀粉率的变化则因品种而异。早期收获，徐薯18和浙大9201的直链淀粉率表现较高，而浙3449则较低。随生育期延长，DSC糊化峰向低温方向移动，且峰宽增大、峰逐渐消失，其糊化温度和热焓变化也随之递减，而RVA的最高粘度则呈现递增趋势。相关分析发现，甘薯直链淀粉含量与各糊化特性参数间存在一定相关性，但这种相关性的大小又受到品种制约。     

脱毒和生长调节剂对甘薯内源激素含量及块根产量的影响

【目的】研究脱毒苗和植物生长调节剂对甘薯内源激素含量及块根产量的影响。【方法】以徐薯18甘薯苗为材料，设置脱毒原种苗（VF）、氯化胆碱（LH）浸根、叶面喷洒壮丰安（ZFA）、未脱毒徐薯18苗（CK）4个处理，测定不同处理对块根产量、块根日增长速率、T/R值、不同时期叶片及块根内源激素的影响。【结果】VF和LH处理使甘薯块根干物质产量两年平均分别增产21.0%和24.2%，达极显著水平；ZFA处理使块根干物质产量两年平均增产5.2%,未达显著水平；与对照比较，各处理均可显著提高膨大高峰期块根的日鲜重增长速率；脱毒和氯化胆碱浸根处理可显著降低生长前、中期的T/R值，不同程度地提高功能叶叶片的IAA含量、CTKs含量和GA4含量，提高膨大高峰期块根的CTKs含量、ABA含量和IAA含量，并使高峰期提早出现3～4周；壮丰安处理显著降低了中后期叶片的GA4含量和ABA含量，提高了叶片CTKs含量、IAA含量及生长后期块根的CTKs、ABA及IAA含量，但均未达显著水平。【结论】VF、LH和ZFA处理全面改变了甘薯源、库器官多种激素的含量水平，有效延缓叶片的衰老，延长叶片功能期，控制甘薯地上部的群体并防止茎叶的徒长，使地上部茎叶的生长与地下部块根的膨大更为协调。有利于块根产量的提高。     

水分胁迫下甘薯内源激素的变化与品种抗旱性的关系

 采用酶联吸附免疫法 (ELISA) ,测定了干旱条件下甘薯叶片内吲哚乙酸 (IAA)、赤霉素 (GA3 )、异戊烯基腺嘌呤 (iPA)、玉米素核苷 (ZR)和脱落酸 (ABA)等 5种内源激素的含量 ,并研究了这些内源激素与品种抗旱性的关系。结果表明 ,水分胁迫下甘薯各品种中IAA、GA3 、iPA及ZR含量均有所下降 ,ABA含量却显著增加 ,且品种抗旱性愈强 ,IAA、GA3 、iPA和ZR下降幅度愈大 ,ABA增加幅度愈小。它们的相对含量 (占对照 % )与品种抗旱性均呈极显著负相关 (r分别为 - 0 .90 70、- 0 .94 93、- 0 .95 0 9、- 0 .86 74和 - 0 .9117)。