Acquired resistance triggered by elicitins in tobacco and other plants

Elicitins are a family of proteins excreted byPhytophthora spp. They exhibit high sequence homology but large net charge differences. They induce necrosis in tobacco plants which then become resistant to the tobacco pathogenPhytophthora parasitica var.nicotianae. In stem-treated plants, resistance was not restricted to the site of elicitin application, but could be demonstrated by petiole inoculation at all levels on the stem. Resistance was already maximum after two days and lasted for at least two weeks. It was effective not only towardsP. p. var.nicotianae infection, but also against the unrelated pathogenSclerotinia sclerotiorum. In contrast to dichloroisonicotinic acid, an artificial inducer of systemic acquired resistance, which was increasingly effective with doses ranging from 0.25 to 5mole per plant, the basic elicitin cryptogein exhibited a threshold effect, inducing near total resistance and extensive leaf necrosis above 0.1 nmole per plant. Between 1 and 5 nmole, acidic elicitins (capsicein and parasiticein) protected tobacco plants with hardly any necrotic symptom. Elicitins exhibited similar effects in various tobacco cultivars andNicotiana species, although with quantitative differences, but induced neither necrosis nor protection in other SolanaceÆ (tomato, petunia and pepper). Among 24 additional species tested belonging to 18 botanical families, only some BrassicaceÆ, noticeably rape, exhibited symptoms in response to elicitins, in a cultivar-specific manner. Elicitins appear to be natural specific triggers for systemic acquired resistance and provide a tool for unraveling the mechanisms leading to its establishment.Abbreviations AR acquired resistance - HR hypersensitive response - INA 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid - Ppn Phytophthora parasitica var.nicotianae - SAR systemic acquired resistance     

Effect of inoculum type and timing of application of Coniothyrium minitans on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: influence on apothecial production

The effects of different inocula of the mycoparasite Coniothyrium minitans on carpogenic germination of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum at different times of year were assessed. A series of three glasshouse box bioassays was used to compare the effect of five spore-suspension inocula of C. minitans , including three different isolates (Conio, IVT1 and Contans), with a standard maizemeal–perlite inoculum. Apothecial production, as well as viability and C. minitans infection of S. sclerotiorum sclerotia buried in treated soil, were assessed. Maizemeal–perlite inoculum at 10⁷ CFU per cm³ soil reduced sclerotial germination and apothecial production in all three box bioassays, decreasing sclerotial recovery and viability in the second bioassay and increasing C. minitans infection of sclerotia in the first bioassay. Spore-suspension inocula applied at a lower concentration (10⁴ CFU per cm³ soil) were inconsistent in their effects on sclerotial germination in the three box bioassays. Temperature was an important factor influencing apothecial production. Sclerotial germination was delayed or inhibited when bioassays were made in the summer. High temperatures also inhibited infection of sclerotia by C. minitans . Coniothyrium minitans survived these high temperatures, however, and infected the sclerotia once the temperature decreased to a lower level. Inoculum level of C. minitans was an important factor in reducing apothecial production by sclerotia. The effects of temperature on both carpogenic germination of sclerotia and parasitism of sclerotia by C. minitans are discussed.     

1.2%瑞拉菌素水乳剂对油菜菌核病的防治效果

用100倍、300倍和500倍的1.2%瑞拉菌素水乳剂稀释液,通过室内离体叶片接菌、田间植株接菌和在自然发病情况下对油菜进行喷施药试验。结果表明,不同倍数稀释液1.2%瑞拉菌素水乳剂处理对油菜菌核病均有一定的防(抑)治效果。室内离体叶片接菌鉴定其抑制率分别为79.53%、68.27%、26.47%,田间接种鉴定的防治效果分别为30.1%、29.9%、19.12%,在不接种自然发病情况下,防治效果分别达到为70.89%、66.24%、34.20%。由此可见1.2%瑞拉菌素水乳剂能有效控制油菜菌核病害蔓延发展,保护油菜的运输器官,保护油菜叶片免收危害,确保油菜正常光合作用,增加粒质量和角粒数,增产保产效果明显。     

甘蓝型油菜茎秆菌核病抗性与木质素及其单体比例的相关性分析及QTL定位

菌核病是一类非专一性的植物真菌病原菌,寄主范围广泛,严重危害农作物的生产。对高世代重组自交系群体(RIL)及F₂群体终花期茎秆进行菌核病抗性接种鉴定,根据构建的近红外模型对接种鉴定的茎秆木质素含量、单体组分比例进行测定,并进行相关性分析和QTL定位。结果表明在2013年和2014年RIL群体茎秆菌斑大小与木质素含量呈极显著负相关,相关系数分别为–0.348和–0.286,与单体G/S呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.198和0.167。2014年F₂群体菌斑大小与木质素含量呈极显著负相关,相关系数为–0.306,与单体G/S相关性为0.142。F_2:3家系抗(感)植株茎部切片间苯三酚染色观察表明抗性较强的材料木质素含量高于抗性较弱的材料。根据已构建的重组自交系高密度SNP遗传图谱,利用复合区间作图法对上述性状进行QTL分析,共检测到18个QTL,其中9个菌核病抗性相关QTL分布于A05、A06、C04和C06染色体,单个QTL可解释的表型变异为2.38%~12.05%;3个木质素含量QTL分别位于A04、A05和C01染色体,单个QTL可解释表型变异的2.03%~13.75%。6个木质素单体G/S QTL分布于A08、C03和C07染色体,单个QTL可解释表型变异的2.06%~8.66%。本文研究结果为油菜菌核病抗性育种提供了新的思路和理论基础。     

四川省不同地域的核盘菌遗传多样性分析

 核盘菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)属于世界性分布的植物病原真菌,可以危害油菜等多种经济作物。研究不同地域核盘菌的遗传多样性对了解核盘菌的遗传演化过程和指导病害防控具有重要意义。实验采用序列相关扩增多态性(sequence-related amplified polymorphism,SRAP)标记对四川省17个不同地理来源的66株核盘菌菌株的遗传多样性进行了分析。10对检测引物共获得129个位点,其中123个为多态位点,占95.35%。UPGMA聚类结果显示,在相似性系数为0.7时,66个核盘菌菌株分为5类(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ),分别包含60、2、2、1和1个菌株。在相似性系数为0.74时,第Ⅰ类又可分为3个亚类(Ⅰ-1、Ⅰ-2、Ⅰ-3),分别包含21、37和2个菌株。聚类及组成分分析结果显示,四川省各地区的核盘菌菌株具有较高的遗传多样性,但其遗传变异与菌株地理来源无明显相关性。     

基于文献计量学核盘菌研究现状及趋势分析

核盘菌是当今世界上最难防治的农业植物病原真菌之一,对植物生产危害极大,核盘菌的致病性研究备受国内外专家、学者的关注。本文运用文献计量学方法,统计2002-2017年间SCIE数据库收录的相关核盘菌研究文献1 972篇,通过对论文产出数量和被引次数进行数据分析,综合考量论文的学术影响力,全面反映目前世界核盘菌研究现状及发展态势。核盘菌研究领域科研论文数量呈上升趋势,美国、中国、加拿大是核盘菌研究领域的主要发文国家。Plant Disease和European Journal of Plant Pathology是核盘菌研究领域发文的主要刊源,我国核盘菌相关研究文献数量近年来增长迅速,华中农业大学、中国农业科学院、南京农业大学等是我国核盘菌研究领域科研实力较强的机构。把握时机,加强科研国际合作与交流,增加论文的学术影响力是我国今后的发展方向。     

安徽省油菜菌核病气象等级预报方法研究

为满足现代农业气象业务服务中病虫害发生发展气象等级预报需求,利用安徽省江淮、沿江和皖南3个区域代表站1991—2010年油菜菌核病观测数据和气象资料,通过相关分析,确定影响菌核病发生发展的主要影响时段和气象因子,再通过归一化处理、加权等方法得到影响油菜菌核病发生发展的综合气象条件指数。以综合气象条件指数为自变量,以油菜菌核病加权平均病株率为因变量,采用曲线回归方法,建立不同区域代表站油菜菌核病发生发展气象等级预报模型。模型拟合结果表明：江淮、沿江和皖南地区拟合准确率分别为80%、70%和75%;利用模型对2011—2013年发生情况进行预测,结果显示：江淮地区代表站全部正确,沿江和皖南地区代表站均为2年正确,一年与实际发生情况误差一个等级。建立的模型基本上能满足油菜菌核病气象等级预报业务服务的需求。     

盾壳霉寄生核盘菌过程中葡聚糖酶、几丁质酶及电导率的变化

为了解盾壳霉寄生核盘菌的生化机理,采用了紫外分光光度法测定了盾壳霉寄生菌核过程中,葡聚糖酶和几丁质酶的变化,并用电导率仪测定了这个过程中电导率的变化。结果表明:从被盾壳霉寄生的活菌核检测到(处理)葡聚糖酶和几丁质酶活性明显高于活菌核和被盾壳霉寄生的死菌核,其中处理的葡聚糖酶活性从15 d以后就明显高于菌核自身也高于盾壳霉本身的酶活性,处理的几丁质酶活性从10 d起就维持在较高水平,处理的电导率从10 d以后明显高于活菌核。在这个过程中这两种酶活性提高,电导率增大,膜透性增强。     

4种木霉对核盘菌的抑制作用

通过对峙培养以及对木霉菌(Trichoderma spp.)次生代谢物对病原菌的抑菌率进行了测定,结果表明,供试哈茨木霉(T.harzianum)、绿色木霉(T.viride)、康氏木霉(T.koningii),以及一株未知种名的木霉菌株TY(Trichoderma sp.)均对核盘菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib) de Bary)有明显的抑制作用.在对峙培养中,木霉菌菌落与核盘菌的菌落相向生长一定时间后,挑取核盘菌菌落内部的菌丝进行镜检,发现有木霉菌孢子存在,且核盘菌发生菌丝变形,如原生质浓缩,菌丝断裂,或菌丝消解等现象.并发现不同种木霉所产生的次生代谢物的活性不同,对核盘菌的抑制作用也存在显著差异.     

向日葵菌核病生防放线菌的分离筛选及拮抗作用的初探

根据微生物间的拮抗作用,试从病地土壤中分离拮抗放线菌,探索利用放线菌对向日葵菌核病进行生物防治的途径。从内蒙古呼和浩特市、巴彦淖尔、包头等地所采集的土壤中分离出38个放线菌菌株,经过平板拮抗作用初测,有8个菌株(F-1、F-3、F-6、F-8、F-11、F-15、F-21、F-25)对向日葵核盘菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)有拮抗作用。选出其中2个作用最明显的菌株(F-6、F-8),观察其在平板对峙培养中对向日葵核盘菌的抑制作用及其代谢产物对向日葵核盘菌的作用。结果表明:F-6、F-8菌株及其代谢产物对向日葵核盘菌均有明显的抑菌作用。同时,对F-6、F-8两菌株的培养性状和形态特征进行了初步观察。