氮肥减量配施生物炭对稻田有机碳矿化及酶活性影响

氮肥减量配施生物炭对于提升土地生产力、提高土壤碳汇能力以及缓解气候变暖具有重要意义。依托大田试验,设置5个氮肥用量梯度(T0～T4):100%化肥氮,90%化肥氮,80%化肥氮,70%化肥氮,60%化肥氮,采用等氮原则,氮肥减少量用等氮量生物炭替代,以不施肥为对照(CK),结合室内矿化培养,揭示稻田有机碳矿化及酶活性对氮肥减量配施生物炭的响应。结果表明:与T0处理相比,T3处理(70%化肥氮+7.5 t/hm~2生物炭氮)土壤全氮,碱解氮及速效磷依次显著提高了6.67%,8.36%及30.94%(P0.05),T4处理的速效钾含量最高,显著提高了23.78%(P0.05)。氮肥减量配施生物炭可有效提升土壤有机碳(SOC)含量,且随配施生物炭比例的增大而增大;与矿化前相比,各处理矿化后SOC,微生物量碳(MBC)及微生物熵(qMB)依次下降1.39～1.75 g/kg, 24.62～67.57 mg/kg及0.13%～0.32%(P0.05)。SOC矿化速率在培养的第1天达到峰值,第1阶段(第1～6天)迅速下降,第2阶段(第6～30天)缓慢下降,第3阶段(第30～45天)矿化速趋于平稳,矿化速率与培养时间呈对数函数关系(P0.01)。培养结束时SOC累积矿化量和累积矿化率的变化范围分别为1.39～1.75 g/kg和6.02%～8.43%,均以T3处理最低。与CK和T0处理相比,T3处理的过氧化氢酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性最高,T1处理的酸性磷酸酶活性最高。水稻产量以T3处理(7.37 t/hm~2)最高,比T0处理增产39.58%(P0.05)。综上,氮肥减量30%配施生物炭可明显提高土壤肥力,减少SOC矿化,增加土壤固碳,提高土壤酶活性及水稻产量。     

田间管理对华北平原冬小麦产量土壤碳及温室气体排放的影响

选取华北平原冬小麦为研究对象,针对（1）秸秆移除;（2）秸秆表覆;（3）免耕;（4）秸秆深施;（5）施农家肥这5种典型的田间管理,使用农田自动温室气体测定系统对冬小麦农田全生育期进行了原位长期观测,并采用^13C自然丰度法对土壤碳的转化进行了监测,同时对冬小麦产量及生物量、土壤有机碳的变化进行了监测。结果表明,冬小麦产量及生物量高低顺序为施农家肥、秸秆深施、秸秆表覆、秸秆移除和免耕,而且土壤有机碳的更新也有同样的趋势;施农家肥能显著增加土壤有机碳而秸秆移除和免耕则会导致土壤有机碳的轻微下降;冬小麦甲烷的排放或吸收只占总增温潜势的不到1％,在进行统计总排放当量时基本可以忽略,N2O在总排放当量中的比例在2．55％-11．62％范围内;N2O的大量排放主要来自于拔节期及开花期,秸秆移除、施农家肥和秸秆深施会导致N2O排放在总当量中的份额增加至10％左右,而秸秆覆盖和免耕N2O排放在总排放当量中的份额只有3％左右,冬小麦农田总的温室气体排放88％以上来自于CO2的排放,特别是秸秆表覆和免耕95％以上来自土壤碳的损失而释放的CO2。总体来看,秸秆深施能保证较高的产量,减少碳的损失,增加土壤碳并产生相对较少的总温室气体排放量,是较好的固碳减排方式。     

侵蚀条件下土壤有机碳流失研究进展

全球土壤有机碳库储量丰富且活跃,而作为碳流失主要驱动力的土壤侵蚀对陆地碳循环影响巨大,揭示其影响将对气候变化背景下深刻理解碳收支过程和相关政策的制定具有重要意义。该文主要介绍了近年来国内外关于水蚀和风蚀影响土壤有机碳流失过程的研究进展,分析了侵蚀条件下土壤碳的源汇争议,简述了土壤有机碳流失的原位和异位环境效应,并提出了相关研究的主要现实问题和未来发展方向。在侵蚀进程中,土壤有机碳的固定与流失并存,流失部分主要包括在地表径流泥沙和土壤呼吸过程中,当前相关研究多集中于侵蚀有机碳的去向问题。在一定的景观范围内,定量刻画侵蚀过程中土壤碳输入输出关系是今后区域碳循环研究领域亟待解决的关键科学问题。     

江汉平原不同土地利用和起源下农田土壤有机碳组分变化

调查采集了江汉平原不同土地利用和起源农田土壤表土样品,分析总有机碳(SOC)、热水溶性有机碳(HWEC)、易氧化有机碳(LOC)及其有机碳键合组分含量特征,并探讨有机碳量和与之影响的主要土壤因素的关系。结果表明:不同土地利用和起源均会影响土壤有机碳水平,表现为湿地起源水田有机碳含量(18.34±5.78)g/kg显著高于旱地(11.18±3.39)g/kg,而红壤水田有机碳含量(16.21±4.13)g/kg与旱地(14.54±3.41)g/kg之间差异不显著;不同起源水田下无显著差异,而红壤起源旱地显著高于湿地起源旱地。HWEC和LOC及其占SOC比例均表现为湿地起源水田显著高于红壤水田。不同土地利用和起源下土壤有机碳的稳定机制不同,粘粒保护在湿地起源土壤中具有显著作用,而水田条件下,土壤有机碳的化学结合稳定显得与游离氧化铁的保护有关,红壤起源水田土壤中由于游离氧化铁的大量存在,这种保护作用对于土壤有机碳的稳定具有显著的贡献。     

Short‐term degradation of semiarid grasslands—results from a controlled‐grazing experiment in Northern China

The assessment of grassland degradation due to overgrazing is a global challenge in semiarid environments. In particular, investigations of beginning steppe degradation after a change or intensification of the land use are needed in order to detect and adjust detrimental land‐use management rapidly and thus prevent severe damages in these sensitive ecosystems. A controlled‐grazing experiment was established in Inner Mongolia (China) in 2005 that included ungrazed (UG) and heavily grazed plots with grazing intensities of 4.5 (HG4.5) and 7.5 (HG7.5) sheep per hectare. Several soil and vegetation parameters were investigated at all sites before the start of the experiment. Topsoil samples were analyzed for soil organic C (SOC), total N (N_tot), total S (S_tot), and bulk density (BD). As vegetation parameters, aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP), tiller density (TD), and leaf‐area index (LAI) were determined. After 3 y of the grazing experiment, BD increased and SOC, N_tot, S_tot, ANPP, and LAI significantly decreased with increasing grazing intensity. These sensitive parameters can be regarded as early‐warning indicators for degradation of semiarid grasslands. Vegetation parameters were, however, more sensitive not only to grazing but also to temporal variation of precipitation between 2006 and 2008. Contrary, soil parameters were primarily affected by grazing and resistant against climatic variations. The assessment of starting conditions in the study area and the application of defined grazing intensities is essential for the investigation of short‐term degradation in semiarid environments.     

侵蚀红壤区植被恢复对表层与深层土壤有机碳矿化的影响

试验研究了典型红壤侵蚀区不同植被恢复年限(0,11,31a)的表层(0—10cm)和深层(60—80cm)土壤有机碳矿化特征。结果表明:深层土壤有机碳84d累积矿化量或潜在矿化量显著低于表层土壤,植被恢复则显著增加了表层和深层土壤累积矿化量或潜在矿化量(P0.05),相关分析显示土壤有机碳累积矿化量或潜在矿化量与WSOC、MBC和SOC显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)相关,表明碳矿化底物数量是决定土壤碳累积矿化量或潜在矿化量的主导因子;对照表层土壤的矿化速率常数(k)高于深层土壤的,植被恢复降低了表层土壤的k值(P0.05),对深层土壤的k值却没有显著影响;而深层土壤矿化率显著高于表层土壤,且植被恢复后均显著降低(P0.05),相关分析显示土壤有机碳矿化率与微生物代谢熵呈极显著的正相关(P0.01),表明微生物碳利用效率是影响土壤碳矿化率的重要因素,而深层土壤微生物碳利用效率显著低于表层土壤,但植被恢复可以改善侵蚀红壤的环境条件,提高土壤微生物的碳利用效率,从而增强土壤固碳能力。     

安徽省几种主要土壤有机碳含量及其组分研究

研究了安徽省4种主要类型土壤(砂姜黑土、潮土、水稻土和红壤)有机碳(SOC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)和微生物量碳(MBC)的含量剖面分布及其相互关系.结果表明,4种土壤SOC,DOC和MBC含量存在明显差异,但其剖面分布规律基本一致,表层含量较高.随着土壤层次加深而依次递减;表层土壤SOC含量顺序为:水稻土>砂姜黑土>潮土>红壤,DOC含量顺序为:砂姜黑土>潮土>水稻土>红壤,MBC含量顺序为:潮土>砂姜黑土>红壤>水稻土.DOC和MBC分别只占SOC的4.92%～18.97%和1.86%～5.68%.土壤SOC,DOC与MBC之间存在着密切的关系,3者之间的相关性均分别达到了10%,5%或1%的显著或极显著水平.     

Effects of part and whole straw returning on soil carbon sequestration in C3–C4 rotation cropland

Long‐term no‐tillage management and crop residue amendments to soil were identified as an effective measure to increase soil organic carbon (SOC). The SOC content, SOC stock (SOCs), soil carbon sequestration rate (CSR), and carbon pool management index (CPMI) were measured. A stable isotopic approach was used to evaluate the contributions of wheat and maize residues to SOC at a long‐term experimental site. We hypothesized that under no‐tillage conditions, straw retention quantity would affect soil carbon sequestration differently in surface and deep soil, and the contribution of C3 and C4 crops to soil carbon sequestration would be different. This study involved four maize straw returning treatments, which included no maize straw returning (NT‐0), 0.5 m (from the soil surface) maize straw returning (NT‐0.5), 1 m maize straw returning (NT‐1), and whole maize straw returning (NT‐W). The results showed that in the 0–20 cm soil layer, the SOC content, SOCs, CSR and CPMI of the NT‐W were highest after 14 years of no‐tillage management, and there were obvious differences among the four treatments. However, the SOC, SOCs, and CSR of the NT‐0.5 and NT‐W were the highest and lowest in 20–100 cm, respectively. The value of δ¹³C showed an obviously vertical variability that ranged from –22.01‰ (NT‐1) in the 0–20 cm layer to –18.27‰ (NT‐0.5) in the 60–80 cm layer, with enriched δ¹³C in the 60–80 cm (NT‐0.5 and NT‐1) and 80–100 cm (NT‐0 and NT‐W) layers. The contributions of the wheat and maize‐derived SOC of the NT‐0.5, NT‐1 and NT‐W increased by 11.4, 29.5 and 56.3% and by 10.7, 15.1 and 40.1%, relative to those in the NT‐0 treatment in the 0–20 cm soil layer, respectively. In conclusion, there was no apparent difference in total SOC sequestration between the NT‐0.5, NT‐1, and NT‐W treatments in the 0–100 cm soil layer. The contribution of wheat‐derived SOC was higher than that of maize‐derived SOC.     

串联式混合动力汽车模糊控制策略的研究

针对串联式混合动力汽车特点,提出了恒SOC模糊逻辑控制策略。一方面,模糊逻辑控制器根据路况功率需求和蓄电池SOC,分配发动机给定功率,实现恒SOC控制;另一方面,将发动机的工作点控制在发动机最小燃油消耗的高效率区间内,使发动机具有较好的燃油经济性。实例仿真结果表明,恒SOC模糊逻辑控制具有较好的鲁棒性,能在不同的循环工况下实现恒SOC控制,且具有较好的燃油经济性。     

大尺度散体组构分维和SOC判据研究

介绍了15组散粒体自组织临界性与粒径的非均匀性有关的真实沙堆模型,分析了实验表现出来的3种动力学行为:即准周期分布、正态分布和负幂律分布;进而研究了非均匀系数不能描述系统组构的自相似性和作为自组织临界性的判据。应用分形理论研究了沙堆组构的分形特征。研究结果表明,非均匀系数为1.53~5.0时,沙堆组构具有良好的分形特征,分维数在非均匀系数<2.85时增长较快,>2.85时增长较慢,但分维数不超过3.0。分析了沙堆组构的分形特征与自组织临界性的内在联系,指出呈现出自组织临界性的系统具有稳健的分形结构,并讨论了自组织临界性的判据。最后探讨了SOC理论在山地灾害预测预报和防治工程设计中的应用。