虾蟹混养池塘浮游植物群落结构的变化特征

为摸清锯缘青蟹(Scylla serrata)与斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon)混养池塘浮游植物种群结构的变化特征,于2018年3-11月对广州市番禺区十六涌3个养殖池塘中的浮游植物开展了逐月调查,并通过冗余分析(RDA)探讨了浮游植物与环境因子的相关性。结果表明,养殖池塘中共鉴定出浮游植物29种,主要由硅藻、蓝藻、甲藻、绿藻和裸藻5大门类组成,其中硅藻种类最多(19种),占浮游植物种类数的65.5%;其次是蓝藻,共5种,占浮游植物种类数17.2%;甲藻3种,绿藻和裸藻各1种。共出现优势种16种,主要为直舟形藻(Navicula directa)、奇异菱形藻(Nitzschia paradoxa)、柔弱菱形藻(Nitzschia delicatissima)、尖布纹藻(Gyrosigma acuminatum)、大角角藻(Ceratium macroceros)和小颤藻(Oscillatoria tenuis)等。浮游植物细胞密度介于2.56×103~189.2×103个·m-3,Shannon-Weaver多样性指数介于0.468~2.597。浮游植物与环境因子相关性RDA结果表明,营养盐、盐度和pH是影响养殖塘浮游植物种群结构的主要环境因子。     

渤海中南部海域浮游动物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

为探究渤海中南部海域浮游动物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系,于2018年5月和9月对渤海中南部海域进行了2个航次的浮游动物调查,并应用冗余分析(RDA)研究环境因子对浮游动物群落结构的影响。结果显示,共鉴定浮游动物39种,隶属8类。5月鉴定浮游动物22种,第一优势种为中华哲水蚤(Clalnus sinicus),9月鉴定29种,第一优势种为强壮箭虫(Sagitta crassa)。调查海域Shannon-Wiener多样性指数均值为2.01,均匀度指数均值为0.61,物种丰富度指数均值为1.05。5月调查海域浮游动物丰度均值(2371.8ind/m_³)高于9月(231.2 ind/m_³)。空间分布上,从5月到9月,浮游动物丰度高值呈现从中部向南部移动的特点。冗余分析结果表明,水温、溶解氧、叶绿素a、盐度和化学需氧量是影响该海域浮游动物群落结构的最主要因子。     

根土空间对花生生长发育和产量的影响

为明确花生生长过程中是否存在生长冗余,探讨花生高产的适宜生长度,以高产花生品种青花7号为试材,设长×宽×深分别为40 cm×20 cm×20 cm、40 cm×20 cm×40 cm、40 cm×20 cm×60 cm、40 cm×20 cm×80 cm4种规格不等的根土空间,采用网袋法,研究了根系生长空间对花生生长发育和产量的影响。结果表明,随着根土空间增大,株高逐渐增高,分枝数逐渐增多,根系干质量和茎叶干质量逐渐增大,其生育进程的推进差异越来越大。根土空间过小显著影响各时间段花生开花数、下针和结果;根土空间过大则中前期开花数、下针和结果少,中后期开花数、下针和结果多;适当的根土空间(如限根深度60 cm)则中前期开花数、下针和结果多,中后期开花数、下针少。说明根土空间过小影响产量提高的主要原因是生长量不足,而根土空间过大影响产量提高的主要原因是冗余生长。适当空间则既能保证足够的生长量,产生的冗余生长又少,从而提高荚果产量和籽仁产量,为花生高产新品种的选育和栽培提供理论依据。     

不同退化程度高寒草甸植物物种多样性与生态系统多功能性关系

为探究高寒草甸不同退化程度生态系统多功能性的变化,本研究综合考虑了植物物种多样性和多种生态系统功能如生产力、养分循环和固存能力、土壤涵养水分能力等,运用降维因子分析的方法计算了生态系统多功能性,综合分析了植物物种多样性与生态系统功能和多功能性间的关系。结果表明：高寒草甸退化显著降低了Margalef指数、Shannon-weiner指数、Simpson指数和Pielou指数(P<0.05),各生态系统功能趋于恶化。高寒草甸退化导致生态系统多功能性的下降,综合统计量结果为轻度退化(21.9955)＞中度退化(8.7295)＞重度退化(—30.7245)。植物物种多样性与生态系统多功能性之间均存在正相关关系,其中Simpson指数与生态系统多功能性指数拟合的结果最好,说明高寒草甸生态系统多功能性受植物物种多样性的制约。本研究可为青藏高原草地退化及恢复的过程和机理研究提供理论依据。     

中国大陆沿海地区互花米草生长特征及其对环境因子的响应

本研究实地调查了中国大陆沿海地区天津汉沽至广东雷州37个样地的互花米草生长特征,采用回归分析、地理探测器以及冗余分析,探究自然状态下中国大陆沿海地区互花米草生长特征及其对环境因子的响应。结果表明：互花米草生长特征存在显著的纬度梯度差异,株高随纬度的增加先升高后降低(P<0.001),21.44°N株高最低(54cm),36.12°N株高最高(250cm);种群密度和地上生物量随纬度的增加均呈先降低后升高趋势;互花米草具有较高的可塑性,年平均气温、一月最低气温、七月最高气温以及海水盐度是影响互花米草生长特征的主要环境因子;海水盐度在与纬度交互作用下对互花米草空间分异解释力最高(q>0.65)。自然状态下互花米草受多种环境因子调控,较强的可塑性是互花米草成功入侵的关键因素。     

What happens to earthworm casts in the soil? A field study of carbon and nitrogen dynamics in Neotropical savannahs

In the Oxisols of the eastern plains of Colombia, the large native anecic earthworm Martiodrilus sp. is an abundant ecosystem engineer producing long-lasting casts and burrows. Casts deposited in the soil by this species have been estimated at several tonnes per hectare per year. The physical and chemical processes occurring in these casts have never been studied. In this study, we compared the dynamics of water content (WC), total C (C_tot), and available N (N_avail) contents, and the distribution in size of aggregates in ageing below-ground casts of this species and in the bulk soil. In a native herbaceous savannah and a sown grass/legume pasture (Brachiaria humidicola, Arachis pintoi, Desmodium ovalifolium and Stylosanthes capitata), fresh surface casts were experimentally injected into artificial burrows of 1 cm Ø and 10 cm depth and sampled at different dates during a total period of 120 days. The injection procedure used resulted in a 34% decrease in WC of the casts from the sown pasture and reduced the mean mass diameter (MMD) of the aggregates of casts from the savannah by 19%. Other properties were not significantly affected by the procedure.For injected casts in both grasslands, MMD and C_tot were stable during cast ageing while WC and N_avail were initially at levels several times higher than the bulk soil and decreased to similar bulk soil values with ageing. The C_tot was twice and one third higher in casts compared with the bulk soil in the pasture and the savannah, respectively. Overall means for cast MMD (8.3 and 7.4 mm) were twice as high as those in the bulk soil (3.8 mm) in the savannah and the pasture, respectively. However, MMD was not significantly different between the casts and the bulk soil in two occasions in the pasture. Available nitrogen (N_avail) in injected casts was initially greater than bulk soil levels, reaching maximum levels just after injection (116 and 93 mg kg⁻¹) and remained significantly greater during 1-2 weeks, in the savannah and the pasture, respectively. In conclusion, the tonnes of casts deposited in the soil profile by Martiodrilus sp. each year are likely to contribute greatly to plant nutrition and to the regulation of the soil structure. For each anecic earthworm species, the ecological impact of its below-ground casts is likely to be as important as its surface casts.     

Genetic and economic aspects of marker-assisted reduction of redundancy from a wild potato germplasm collection

The wild potato germplasm collection of the series Acaulia, maintained at the Centre for Genetic Resources, The Netherlands, consists of 314 accessions. In previous investigations, 15 potential duplication groups with a total of 36 accessions were identified based on AFLP analysis of a limited sample per accession. In the present study, the potential redundancies, plus one additional accession, were studied with increased sample sizes to examine intra- and inter-accession variation more accurately, with the aim to reduce the size of the collection. No variation was observed within two potential duplication groups, whereas only limited differentiation among accessions was detected within seven groups, resulting in a total of 15 redundant accessions (nearly 5% of the collection). A cluster analysis of all the accessions of the collection showed that these nine groups each had a distinct identity. It was decided to maintain the accessions of the remaining six groups as separate entries based on the large differentiation observed among accessions and the absence of a clear identity. An analysis of molecular variance in the set of 37 accessions showed that 91% of the observed variation could be found among accessions. This variance component appeared unaffected when the set was analysed without the 15 redundant accessions. The invested costs to identify redundancies in the series Acaulia by AFLP analysis are estimated at k 57.3, whereas the savings achieved by reduction of the collection are estimated at k 21.0 per generation. However, a cost-benefit analysis should not only focus on the short-term return of investments, but should also consider the value of newly obtained data and information. These include taxonomic information about accessions, optimised sampling strategies, optimised regeneration procedures, additional data for core collection formation and more efficient utilisation of germplasm.     

Spatial association between forest heterogeneity and breeding territory boundaries of two forest songbirds

Human activities and natural disturbances create spatial heterogeneity within forested landscapes, leading to both sharp and gradual boundaries in vegetation and abiotic attributes, such as rocks. Those boundaries may affect the detailed delineation of avian territories (independently of their general location), but their role is largely unknown. We tested, using a spatial analysis approach, whether spatial heterogeneity of vegetation and abiotic attributes were associated with territory boundaries of ten black-throated blue warblers (Dendroica caerulescens) and 14 ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapillus). The study was conducted during summer 1999 in a mature deciduous forest near Québec City, Canada. Singing males were mapped from repeated surveys at 756 points, 25 m apart, on a 49 ha grid. Spatial heterogeneity was obtained from 27 attributes measured at each point. Boundaries of bird territories, vegetation, and abiotic attributes were delineated using the lattice-wombling boundary detection algorithm. The spatial association between territory and microhabitat boundaries was computed using the spatial overlap statistics. There was significant spatial overlap between territory boundaries and those of 15 and 17 attributes for black-throated blue warbler and ovenbird, respectively. The attributes most strongly associated with territory boundaries were conifer seedling cover, grass and total vegetation cover between 0-2 m high for black-throated blue warbler and fern cover, vegetation-covered rocks and shrub diversity for ovenbird. Complementary to this, a redundancy analysis (RDA) was used to compare attributes associated with the general occurrence of males to those whose boundaries were associated specifically with territory boundaries. Most attributes whose boundaries were associated with territory boundaries did not correspond to resource attributes, i.e., those where birds were detected most frequently. We conclude that soft boundaries associated with spatial heterogeneity may help shape forest bird territories by providing landmarks not necessarily related to resources used within territories.     

江苏省村落系统的空间格局特征与景观背景研究

基于2000年江苏省1：10000地形图及相关自然地理、人口、社会经济等数据,应用点格局分析及冗余分析技术,对江苏省村落的空间格局特征及其与号观背景要素的相关关系进行研究．结果表明：在0—8km的观测尺度上,村落系统总体表现出随观测尺度增加,依次呈均匀分布一随机分布一聚集分布的变化特征,但不同区域存在一定差异分析村落空间格局特征与景观背景要素的相关关系发现：村落在聚落占地率较高、王i￡块密度较大地区趋于均匀分布,在地形要素等限制作用较大及经济水平较高区域多呈随机分布,在自然条件相对优越地区多呈聚集分布,总体上,自然地理要素对村落空间格局特征的影响最显著,社会经济要素的作用其次,区位与交通要素的作用相对较小、     

巢湖万年埠沿岸浮游植物与环境因子关系

[目的]研究沿岸浮游植物与环境因子的关系。[方法]于2015年1~12月在巢湖西半湖万年埠进行了浮游植物统计和相关环境因子监测分析。应用CANOCO 4.5软件对获得的浮游植物数据和环境因子数据进行了RDA分析,并作出了物种分布和环境因子关系的二维排序图。[结果]共鉴定出浮游植物8门43属63种,群落组成以蓝藻、硅藻、隐藻和绿藻为主,月藻类密度为1.51×106~200.00×106个/L。RDA分析表明,1~4月,微囊藻和鱼腥藻主要受TN和NO3-N的影响,而5~10月,微囊藻和鱼腥藻主要受T、p H、TP、PO4-P、DTP和TN的影响。[结论]该研究为巢湖水华治理提供了科学依据。