Mineralization of Organic Nitrogen in Soils with Contrasting Fertility Was Regulated Differently by Addition of Biochar and Animal Manures

ABSTRACT

How to restore the soil fertility and productivity in a damaged and then reclaimed area with extremely low fertility is a big concern worldwide. To explore the method of soil restoration in the coal mining subsidence area, the effects of biochar application coupled with organic fertilizer (animal manures) on the process of organic nitrogen (N) mineralization were studied in a 149 days leaching experiment. Biochar were applied (wt/wt) at the rates of 0%, 1%, and 3%. Two organic fertilizers with different C/N ratio (chicken and sheep manures) were applied at the rate of 200 mg N·kg^?1 soil. A vegetable soil with high-fertility was used as the comparison. The results showed that when treated with chicken manure, the reclaimed soil had 11.13% lower mineralization potential and 20.00% lower inorganic nitrogen production from mineralization than the vegetable soil. Compared with the non-biochar treatment, biochar at both application rates decreased N leaching in chicken manure-treated reclaimed soil, i.e., by 21.49% (1% biochar) and 28.31% (3% biochar), respectively, whereas only high rate of biochar application decreased N leaching in chicken manure-treated vegetable soil by 8.10%. However, N leaching in sheep manure-treated reclaimed soil was unaffected by the biochar application. Thus, the effect of the biochar on the organic nitrogen mineralization was affected by both soil and organic fertilizer type.     

不同土地利用方式下围垦海涂微生物群落和土壤酶特征

利用DGGE技术,从微生物多样性的角度,结合土壤酶活性研究不同农林利用方式对围垦海涂养分特征的影响。结果表明:未利用海涂盐分含量最高,而有机质和碱解氮含量最低;相比于蔬菜地和林地,棉花地和水稻田的有机质、碱解氮、过氧化氢酶和蛋白酶活性更高。四种利用方式土壤的脲酶和磷酸酶活性差异不显著。细菌是土壤中的主要种群,其数量与土壤有机质、碱解氮等养分特征呈显著正相关,表现为水稻田、棉花地>蔬菜地、林地>未利用。DGGE图谱分析结果显示未利用土壤shannon多样性指数最高为2.81,与水稻田、棉花地较为接近,其次为蔬菜地和林地,分别为2.52和2.38。围垦利用引起土壤中的Gaetbulibacter marinus与Gillisia mitskevichiae种属变化。围垦利用后土壤质量优于未利用海涂。相比而言,种植水稻对提高土壤肥力水平,维持土壤质量较为有利。     

再生水回灌的农业环境风险及对策

随着我国城市化进程加快和经济的快速发展,需水量大幅增加,造成局部缺水严重,与此同时城市污水处理厂的数量和规模不断增大,而这些污水处理厂出水(再生水)直接排入河流而没有被再次利用造成资源浪费,再生水回用后对土壤环境的不确定性影响是造成再生水利用率较低的重要原因。本文系统总结了再生水回用对土壤环境的盐分、有机质组分、微生物、重金属、难降解有机污染物的国内外的研究成果,指出:(1)再生水回用于灌溉在提高肥力的同时,能够引起土壤盐分的累积;(2)再生水回用于灌溉能够导致土壤微生物菌群的变化,也有引起环境卫生的风险,但是风险极低;(3)再生水灌溉能够引起部分重金属元素的累积;(4)再生水灌溉对土壤难降解有机污染物的影响是未来研究的热点。     

生物菌肥对采煤塌陷复垦土壤生物活性及盆栽油菜产量和品质的影响

通过盆栽试验,采用完全随机区组设计,研究了与化肥、有机肥配施下,不同生物菌肥用量对矿区复垦地土壤微生物生化强度和酶活性以及油菜产量和品质的影响。结果表明:施用生物菌肥能够明显增强土壤生化作用强度,提高土壤酶活性;菌肥处理土壤的呼吸强度、氨化作用强度、硝化作用强度和过氧化氢酶活性均显著高于对照(P0.05);当菌肥用量大于0.04g·kg-1(土)时,菌肥处理的土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性与对照差异显著(P0.05)。此外,施用菌肥还可以提高油菜产量,改善油菜品质;菌肥处理的油菜单株干重、硝酸盐和还原糖含量与对照差异显著(P0.05);菌肥用量大于0.04g·kg-1(土)时,油菜Vc含量与对照存在显著差异(P0.05);菌肥用量小于0.08g·kg-1(土)时,单株鲜重与对照差异不显著。本研究表明施用生物菌肥对塌陷复垦土壤生物活性有促进作用,并能够改善油菜品质。     

复垦煤矸山不同利用类型土壤微生物群落分析

土壤微生物是表征土壤质量状况的重要指标,因此研究其群落特征对指导煤矸山植被恢复具有重要意义。以山西霍州曹村矿煤矸山为对象,分析了农田(WL)、果园(PO)和草地(GL)3种土地利用类型0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层土壤微生物群落结构。结果表明:(1)3种复垦样地土壤微生物总数、微生物总浓度和微生物群落浓度均低于普通农田(CK),表明该煤矸山复垦地土壤质量状况仍未达到与普通农田相当的水平。(2)从土壤微生物群落结构看,3种土地利用类型中革兰氏阳性菌、细菌和放线菌所占比例无显著差异,而革兰氏阴性菌和真菌占比有显著变化。(3)在3种样地中,WL和PO样地中的优势菌种均为细菌16∶0、真菌18∶1 w9c和革兰氏阳性菌i15∶0、a15∶0;而GL样地中的优势菌种为细菌16∶0、真菌18∶1 w9c和革兰氏阳性菌i15∶0。     

Subsurface drip irrigation and reclaimed water quality effects on phosphorus and salinity distribution and forage production

In the Canary Islands, water scarcity is one of the constraints for agricultural activity. Non-conventional water resources generally represent more water volume than conventional ones. The distribution of these resources frequently permits the possibility of a conjunctive use of desalinated (DW) water and reclaimed municipal wastewater (RW). Field testing with both water qualities and different irrigation systems is necessary for optimal site-specific management. The objective of this work was to evaluate soil salinity and phosphorus distribution, and alfalfa yield in a 20 month field experiment carried out in the island of Gran Canaria, using municipal RW and freshwater (FW) under subsurface drip irrigation (SDI). Phosphorus speciation was performed both in irrigation waters and in soils (Olsen's inorganic, organic, and microbial). RW had large EC values (2.4 dS m⁻¹) with a remarkable nutrient load contribution and an average total P around 3 mg L⁻¹, predominantly hydrolysable forms, while FW had very low salinity and negligible amounts of P. For the RW treatment a salt gradient was established, causing plant mortality between the irrigation lines. The study of P speciation allows describing P distribution and plant uptake in terms of P forms. Large values of microbial P were produced for the two irrigation waters around the emitters, especially for FW.A faster P-cycling could have contributed to the significantly larger inorganic P contents observed in FW irrigated soils, in spite no external sources were added by the irrigation water.     

Preliminary evaluation of pineapple mixed-cropping systems for protecting reclaimed gulleys in the tropics: An experiment in Southeast Nigeria

This paper reports on research into the effectiveness of pineapple monocropping or intercropping systems (with cowpeas or egusi-melon) for reestablishing vegetative cover to check soil erosion on a reclaimed gulley in the tropical rainforest of southeastern Nigeria. High-density pineapple planting, intercropped with egusi-melon, was found to promote rapid vegetative cover, checked soil loss, improved soil structural stability and produced a high crop yield. Soil loss was moderate in pineapple plots intercropped with cowpeas and least in pineapple plots intercropped with egusi-melon. Increasing pineapple density enhanced the field establishment of cowpea and egusi-melon respectively.     

露天煤矿待复垦土地适宜性评价单元类型划分

从水土保持、土地复垦及环境保护的综合角度考虑,采用“五级指标逐级推断法”,即岩土污染程度、重塑地形坡度、地表物质组成、有效覆土厚度和土体容重五级分类指标逐级推断,确定露天煤矿待复垦土地适宜性评价单元类型为：（１）厚层覆土平台;（２）薄层覆土斜坡;（３）岩土混排斜坡;（４）混岩、页岩碎砾坡;（５）砂岩石砾坡。     

乌鲁木齐市再生水灌溉对小白菜内源微生物的影响

[目的]研究乌鲁木齐市再生水用于农业灌溉的可行性。[方法]以小白菜为研究对象,分别用清水对照、浓度50%的再生水和浓度100%的再生水浇灌,测定小白菜内部微生物菌群数。[结果]浓度50%的再生水增加了小白菜68.94%的湿重,但是随着外源微生物内化程度的加深,小白菜体内菌群总数和大肠菌群数都在0.05水平显著高于其他。[结论]再生水在提高小白菜质量的同时能增加内部细菌含量,不宜用于小白菜等可食用性作物的浇灌。若在污水处理时加强消毒措施,则可以解决该问题。     

培肥措施对复垦土壤微生物碳氮代谢功能多样性的影响

土壤复垦是矿区生态环境恢复和耕地总量平衡及质量提升的根本要求。本研究依托山西襄垣采煤塌陷区复垦定位试验基地,采用Biolog-ECO方法和荧光定量PCR技术,研究了不施肥（CK）、单施化肥（CF）、单施有机肥（M）和有机无机培肥（MCF）4种培肥措施下复垦4年和8年土壤微生物碳代谢功能多样性及氮代谢功能基因丰度的变化特征。结果表明,随复垦年限增加,单施有机肥较其他处理可显著提高复垦土壤微生物的总碳源利用能力;不同处理复垦土壤微生物碳源相对利用率总体表现为氨基酸类>糖类>聚合物类>羧酸类>双亲化合物类>胺类,其中单施有机肥更大程度上提高了羧酸类、氨基酸类和胺类碳源的利用率;复垦年限和培肥措施没有改变复垦土壤微生物优势度指数,但有机无机配施较其他处理可显著提高香浓指数（H′）和Pielou均匀度指数;不同处理复垦土壤氮转化功能基因丰度总体表现为amoA（AOA）> amoA（AOB）>nisS、nirK> nifH,5种功能基因丰度均为以有机无机培肥处理最高,且随复垦时间增加而增加;复垦土壤有机质含量与nirS、nirK、nifH基因丰度以及AWCD值存在显著相关性,相关系数在0.707～0.807,同时5种氮转化功能基因丰度均与玉米产量存在显著或极显著的相关性,相关系数在0.824～0.949。综上所述,单施有机肥可提高土壤有机质含量,进而增强了复垦土壤碳代谢强度,有机无机培肥则更有利于复垦土壤碳氮代谢功能多样性的提升,并促进作物产量形成。