圆果大赤螨对茶红蜘蛛的捕食作用

圆果大赤螨对茶红蜘蛛捕食作用的拟合方程符合Holling圆盘方程Ⅱ型,功能反应受到猎物虫态、温度和捕食者密度的影响.圆果大赤螨成螨显著地趋向于取食茶红蜘蛛的幼螨和若螨,日均最高捕食量分别达49.31和38.65头,对卵和成螨的选择性较差.在相同猎物密度条件下,温度为15-30℃时,捕食数量随着温度的升高而增加;温度为(35±1)℃时捕食数量随着温度的升高而减少.温度为(30±1)℃时,捕食数量最大,这一温度与茶红蜘蛛秋季高峰期的温度相吻合.圆果大赤螨在捕食时存在种内干扰反应,随着捕食者密度的增大,日均捕食量逐渐减少,捕食作用也相应减弱,干扰系数m为0.7589,搜索常数Q为0.9983,E=0.9983P-0.7589.     

Evaluation of Natural Chemical Compounds Against Root-lesion and Root-knot Nematodes and Side-effects on the Infectivity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

The survival of two species of plant parasitic nematodes: the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus brachyurus, and the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica, was evaluated in saturated atmospheres of 12 natural chemical compounds. The infectivity of two isolates of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices, under identical experimental conditions, was also determined. All the compounds tested exerted a highly significant control against M. javanica and among them, benzaldehyde, salicilaldehyde, borneol, p-anisaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde caused a mortality rate above 50% over P. brachyurus. The infectivity of G. intraradices was inhibited by cinnamaldehyde, salicilaldehyde, thymol, carvacrol, p-anisaldehyde, and benzaldehyde, while only cinnamaldehyde and thymol significantly inhibited mycorrhizal colonization by G. mosseae.     

Differential effect of nematicide treatments on tuber yields in early- and late-maturing potato cultivars

A 3-year field study examined the effects of 1,3-dichloropropene or oxamyl on tuber yields in four early- and five late-maturing potato cultivars. The nematicide treatments increased total tuber yield by ≈ 12% for early-maturing cultivars, but by less than 2% for the late-maturing cultivars. The treatments reduced the numbers of root lesion nematodes (primarily Pratylenchus penetrans ), which were the dominant plant parasitic nematodes at the site. Covariance analysis indicated that treatment effects on total tuber yield were no longer significant after adjusting for root lesion nematodes in soil at harvest, confirming that these nematodes had a direct effect on the host. As expected, there were significant inverse relationships ( P  = 0·05) between total tuber yields and numbers of root lesion nematodes in soil and in roots. However, the application of nematicides in late-maturing cultivars was found to be of no practical value. Crop production systems designed to reduce or optimize pesticide applications can form one criterion in the development of more environmentally sensitive management strategies. The merit of utilizing chemicals for root lesion nematode control are considered with regard to cultivar maturity.     

培养时间和接种密度对咖啡短体线虫繁殖和形态的影响

采用胡萝卜片培养短体线虫技术,测试不同培养时间和接种密度对咖啡短体线虫(Pratylenchus coffeae)繁殖和形态的影响。结果表明,在25℃培养条件下,每片胡萝卜(厚10 mm,直径3 cm)接种25头线虫雌虫,线虫的数量随培养时间的延长而增加,前3周线虫的繁殖系数为6.24,线虫的群体数量增长缓慢;第3~6周线虫的繁殖系数略有增高,为8.99;第6~9周其繁殖系数高达17.88,线虫群体数量快速增长;之后,线虫群体数量增速下降,其繁殖系数降为1.42。在接种不同密度线虫的实验中,线虫的群体数量均显著增长,其繁殖系数在不同接种密度处理中差异不显著;随机挑取10头雄虫与雌虫,比较不同线虫密度对线虫形态特征的影响,结果表明,线虫密度除对雌虫的b值(体长/头顶至食道腺与肠连接处长)有显著影响外,对雄虫和雌虫的其他形态特征测量值均无显著影响。     

Relationships between soil penetration resistance and soif nematode burden in barley on Prince Edward Island

Fifty sloping fields of barley with different short-term cropping histories across Prince Edward Island were examined for variations in root-zone depth and the severity of soil parasitic nematodes as part of a wider study of relationships between cropping sequence, topographic position, soil physical conditions and crop performance. Root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus penetrans) density in the roots was significantly greater (13%) at foot slopes than at top slopes, and stunt nematode (Tylenchorhynchus spp.) was significantly greater (8%) at top slopes where the soil was drier. The density of stunt nematodes and root lesion nematodes in the soil was significantly greater (>15%) under miscellaneous cereals-barley sequences than under potato-barley or hay-barley, attributable to level of carryover. Root lesion nematode density in the roots was significantly greater (12%) under hay-barley than either of the other two sequences. This nematode also showed a strong tendency to increase in number with increasing root-zone depth, and may be explained on the basis that increased root-zone depth provides increased host root mass (substrate). Stunt nematodes, on the other hand, increased with decreasing root-zone depth and may be explained by the known propensity of these organisms for drier, shallower soil conditions.     

Effects of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and two plant-parasitic nematodes on<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Musa</Emphasis> genotypes differing in root morphology

In this study, the effect of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) and two migratory endoparasitic nematodes on Musa plant growth, including the root system, were examined. In addition, the AMF-nematode interaction was studied. Seven Musa genotypes with different root systems were selected. Based on their relative mycorrhizal dependency, two genotypes (Calcutta 4 and Obino l'Ewai) were selected for AMF-nematode interaction studies. The experiments were performed under greenhouse conditions. Mycorrhization with Glomus mosseae resulted in a significantly better plant growth even in the presence of nematodes. The effect of AMF on the root system was genotype-dependent and seemed to be related to the relative mycorrhizal dependency of the genotype. The nematodes also affected the root system, decreasing branching. Nematode population densities were significantly reduced in the presence of AMF, except for Pratylenchus coffeae in Obino l'Ewai. In the root system, it appeared that the decreased branching caused by the nematodes was counterbalanced by the increased branching caused by the AMF.     

云南花卉短体线虫记述*

 根据形态特征和测量数据从云南26种花卉标本中,初步鉴定出3种短体线虫:伤残短体线虫(Pratylenchus vulnus)、咖啡短体线虫(P. coffee)、穿刺短体线虫(P. penetrans),它们均为云南省首次报道。     

云南水稻根际土壤中的线虫种类鉴定

描述了云南水稻根际土壤中发现的3种植物寄生线虫燕麦真滑刃线虫A phelenchus avenae Bastian, 1865,多带螺旋线虫Helicotylechus multicinctus (Cobb, 1893) Golden, 1956和穿刺短体线虫Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb, 1917) Chitwood & Otifa, 1952.这3种寄生线虫均为云南省新记录.     

从尼日利亚进境的芋头中截获最短尾短体线虫

广东检验检疫技术中心植检实验室于2008年4月从尼日利亚进境的芋头中分离到数条短体线虫,经纯培养、形态观察、测量,以及对rDNA-ITS、D2D3区序列的扩增、克隆、测序分析,鉴定为最短尾短体线虫(Pratylenchus brachyurus(Godfrey,1929)Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven,1941)。该线虫在国内局部分布,属于检疫性线虫,在系统内首次截获。     

The yam nematode (Scutellonema bradys), a potential threat to potato (Solanum tuberosum) production in West Africa

Potato (Solanum tuberosum) production in Africa is rapidly expanding and becoming increasingly important. As its geographical production range broadens, so does its potential to host new pests and diseases. Following the discovery that potato can be affected by Scutellonema bradys, further studies were undertaken to assess its potential pathogenicity on potato under screenhouse and field conditions, and on marketed tubers. Potato plants inoculated with S. bradys produced tubers with substantial cracking and evident tuber rot, compared with tubers from uninoculated plants. Symptoms of nematode infection on tubers included a scaly appearance, surface cracking as well as deeper tissue cracks, distortions, and darkened surface patches. In most cases these patches were related to sub‐surface rot. Nematodes were recovered from the soil, roots and tubers of inoculated plants. Eight weeks after inoculation, the reproduction factor of the nematode was greatest (2·0) at the lowest inoculation rate assessed (1000 nematodes per 2·5‐L pot) and least (0·4) at the highest inoculation rate (5000 nematodes per pot). In the screenhouse, potato tuber weights were low and mostly unaffected by nematode inoculation rate, except at 5000 nematodes per pot. In the field, non‐inoculated plants yielded over nine times more tubers than plants inoculated with 2000 S. bradys. Low densities of S. bradys were also recovered from 10 of 15 (67%) samples collected from market stalls, indicating field infection. This study confirms that potato can host and be damaged by S. bradys, raising its prospect as a likely significant biotic constraint to the crop.