Relating Kirtland's warbler population to changing landscape composition and structure

The population of male Kirtland's warbler (Dendroica kirtlandii) in the breeding season has averaged 206 from 1971 to 1987. The Kirtland's warbler occupies dense jack pine (Pinus banksiana) barrens from 5 to 23 years old and from 1.4 to 5.0 m high, formerly of wildfire origin. In 1984, 73% of the males censused were found in habitat naturally regenerated from wildfire or prescribed burning. The rest were in plantations (11%) or in harvested, unburned jack pine stands stocked by natural regeneration (16%). Twenty-two percent (630 of 2,886) of the Kirtland's warbler males counted in the annual censuses from 1971 through 1984 were found in 26 stands that were unburned and naturally regenerated following harvest. From 1982 to 1987, suitable regenerating areas were barely sufficient to replace currently occupied maturing stands, so population growth was impeded. Ecosystems of suitable size and regeneration characteristics (wildfire and plantation) doubled in area by 1989. In response, the population of Kirtland's warblers increased from 167 to 398 males between 1987 and 1992, but they withdrew almost entirely from the unburned, unplanted barrens by 1989 when the area of more suitable regeneration types increased. Minimum (368 males) and maximum (542 males) population estimates for 1996 were calculated based on 1984 average density (1.9 males per 40 ha) and peak population in burns (2.8 males per 40 ha).     

The influence of sampling scheme and interpolation method on the power to detect spatial effects of forest birds in Ontario (Canada)

Spatial ecology is becoming an increasingly important component of resource management, and the general monitoring of how human activities affect the distribution and abundance of wildlife. Yet most work on the reliability of sampling strategies is based on a non-spatial analysis of variance paradigm, and little work has been done assessing the power of alternative spatial methods for creating reliable maps of animal abundance. Such a map forms a critical response variable for multiple scale studies relating landscape structure to biotic function. The power to reconstruct patterns of distribution and abundance is influenced by sample placement strategy and density, the nature of spatial auto-correlation among points, and by the technique used to extrapolate points into an animal abundance map. Faced with uncertainty concerning the influence of these factors, we chose to first synthesize a model reference system of known properties and then evaluate the relative performance of alternative sampling and mapping procedures using it. We used published habitat associations of tree nesting boreal neo-tropical birds, a classified habitat map from the Manitou Lakes area of northwestern Ontario, and point count means and variances determined from field studies in boreal Canada to create 4 simulated models of avian abundance to function as reference maps. Four point sampling strategies were evaluated by 4 spatial mapping methods. We found mixed-cluster sampling to be an effective point sampling strategy, particularly when high habitat fragmentation was avoided by restricting samples to habitat patches >10 ha in size. We also found that of the 4 mapping methods, only stratified ordinary point kriging (OPK) was able to generate maps that reproduced an embedded landscape-scale spatial effect that reduced nesting bird abundance in areas of higher forest age-class fragmentation. Global OPK was effective only for detecting broader, regional-scale differences. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Meta‐analysis of the energy and protein requirements of hair sheep raised in the tropical region of Brazil

The objective of this study was to estimate, through mathematical models, energy and protein requirements for maintenance and gain of hair sheep raised in the tropical region of Brazil. To determine the equation parameters, a meta‐analysis of seven independent experiments of nutrient requirements was performed, comprising a total of 243 experimental units (animals), which were conducted under tropical conditions, using hair sheep in growing and finishing phases and endowed of the following quantitative data for each animal: body weight (BW ), empty body weight (EBW ), average daily gain (ADG ), empty body gain (EBG ), heat production (HP ), metabolizable energy intake (MEI ), retained energy (RE ), metabolizable protein intake (MPI ) and body protein content. The regression equations generated were as follows: for Net Energy for maintenance, (NE _m): ; for Net Energy for gain, (NE _g): ; for Metabolizable Protein for maintenance,(MP _m): MPI _(g/day) = 24.8470 (±7.3646) + 560.28 (±99.6582) × EBG _(kg/day); for Net Protein for gain, (NP _g): . The NE _m requirement was 0.246 MJ EBW^?0.75 day^?1. The metabolizable energy for maintenance requirement was 0.391 MJ EBW^?0.75 day^?1. Considering an ADG of 100 g, the NE _g requirement ranged from 0.496 to 1.701 MJ/day for animals with BW ranging from 10 to 40 kg respectively. The efficiencies of use of the metabolizable energy for maintenance and gain were 0.63 and 0.36 respectively. The MP _m requirement was 3.097 g EBW^?0.75 day^?1. Considering an ADG of 100 g, the NP _g requirement ranged from 12.4 to 10.5 g/day for animals with BW ranging from 10 to 40 kg respectively. The total metabolizable energy and protein requirements were lower than those reported by the NRC and AFRC systems. Thus, our results support the hypothesis that nutrient requirements of hair sheep raised in tropical regions differ from wool sheep raised in temperate regions. Therefore, the use of the equations designed in this study is recommended.     

农村配电网的综合无功补偿

概述了农村电网供配电系统的特点和农村配电网无功补偿的常用方式,并提出了合理、经济的无功补偿方案。     

中文图书藏用情况量化分析

运用自动化管理系统,检索某一时期内该馆中文流通图书入藏利用情况,量化分析了读者需求与藏书发展的关系,探索了藏用协调发展的规律,对藏书发展工作具有一定的借鉴意义。     

闭式混凝土泵液压系统研究

全面介绍了混凝土泵闭式液压系统及其快速换向、快速推进和柔和推送功能的实现。分析了闭式系统的压力切断和速度敏感控制。通过对闭式系统的分析,用功率键合图方法对泵送系统进行建模,并用Matlab/Simulink进行动态仿真,研究了液压系统的动态特性。     

装载机发动机与液力变矩器功率匹配优化

装载机发动机与液力变矩器之间的匹配对各自性能的发挥及整机牵引特性均有重要的影响。在拟合装载机发动机与液力变矩器有关特性曲线的基础上,以装载机的动力性为目标,建立发动机与液力变矩器匹配的优化模型,优化装载机发动机与液力变矩器的功率匹配,给出了算例并分析了优化结果。     

纯电动汽车传动系参数的区间优化方法

在分析纯电动汽车传动系减速比传统优化模型的基础上,提出了区间优化方法。优化的目的是在满足电动汽车基本动力性能的前提下,求优化变量的最大可行区间,而不是一个确定的最优值。区间优化方法便于产品的系列化,可以解决传动系齿轮配齿问题。以XL2000型纯电动汽车传动系参数的优化设计为例,对所建模型进行了验证。     

疏勒河中游绿洲生态环境需水研究——Ⅱ.生态环境需水量与水资源管理对策

基于疏勒河中游绿洲不同生态环境需水量类型的计算,估算了流域绿洲生态环境需水规模。计算结果表明,疏勒河中游绿洲最大、最小和最适生态环境需水量分别为7.22×10~8 m~3、5.58×10~8 m~3和7.09×10~8 m~3,分别占疏勒河中游绿洲水资源总量(15.65×10~8 m~3)的46.4%、35.7%与45.3%。在不考虑河流输沙和考虑输沙需水量的情况下,疏勒河河流生态环境需水量分别为2.49×10~8 m~3和2.62×10~8 m~3。提出了基于水资源合理配置的生态需水调控与管理、节水型社会建设、信息化管理技术、法律法规和政策体系的水资源管理对策。     

护理管理者领导力现状调查及影响因素分析

目的：调查护理管理者领导力现状,并分析其影响因素。方法采用管理者实践量表、一般自我效能感量表、职业倦怠量表、角色认知量表对浙江省210名护理管理者进行问卷调查。结果共发放问卷210份,回收有效问卷182份,有效回收率为86．67％。本组护理管理者的领导力得分为（37．70±5．30）分;是否经常阅读管理书籍、是否参与护士长的分层培训、任命方式以及是否经过护士长岗前培训的护理管理者的领导力得分情况比较,差异有统计学意义（t值分别为－3．608,－7．136,2．343,－2．511;P＜0．05）。领导力与角色认知中的角色模糊、自我效能感以及职业倦怠中的个人成就感均呈正相关,与角色认知中的角色冲突以及职业倦怠中的情绪枯竭、去人格化因子呈负相关（ r值分别为0．589,0.521,0．509,－0．323,－0．291,－0．227;P＜0．01）。多元线性回归分析显示,角色认知中的角色模糊因子、是否参加护士长分层培训、职业倦怠中的个人成就感因子、自我效能感和是否阅读管理书籍为领导力的影响因素（P＜0．05）。结论领导力与护士长的角色认知、自我效能感、职业倦怠及是否分层培训均相关。管理者的分层培训有利于领导力的培养和提升,明确角色定位、降低职业倦怠和提高自我效能感同样可以提升护士长的领导力,另外护理管理者需加强经济管理学方面的知识培训。