Assessing the effectiveness of manure export plus intensive silage cropping for lowering the Olsen‐P status of P‐enriched grassland

A substantial proportion of farmed grassland soils in Northern Ireland (NI) are overly enriched with P and pose a risk to water quality. To address this problem, manure could be exported rather than recycled to P‐enriched land and the latter intensively cropped with grass silage to deplete soil P. To assess the efficacy of such a strategy, a P‐ and K‐enriched grassland site was intensively cropped over a 6‐yr period with fertilizer N alone supplied to support silage growth. By year 6, soil P had declined from index 5 to index 3, and it was estimated that two more years of this management may bring it into the target index 2 range. Soil K, however, declined rapidly from index 4 to index 1 in just 4 yr, with the result that grass production became limited by K deficiency. It was concluded that nonrecycling of manure to P‐enriched grassland under silage management is probably the most effective strategy for lowering soil P status, but care must be taken to prevent K deficiency occurring.     

临安山核桃林地土壤磷素状况及其淋失风险分析

以天目山地区临安市岛石镇下塔村和湍口镇湍口村发育于石灰岩的山核桃林地土壤为研究对象,采集林地表层（0～20 cm）土壤样品,用于评估长期施肥对山核桃林地土壤磷素状况的影响及其潜在的淋失风险。土壤分析表明：土壤Olsen\|P存在较大的空间变异,含量低的近于0 mg·kg-1,而最高的含量达 893 mg·kg-1。土壤CaCl2\|P与Olsen\|P相关分析显示,岛石镇和湍口镇土壤Olsen\|P的临界值分别为193和293 mg·kg-1。据此,岛石和湍口两地土壤发生磷淋失的林地分别占调查林地的30%和45%。表明研究区已经有相当数量的山核桃林地因土壤磷素积累而存在淋失风险,需要引起重视。     

Relationship between Olsen P and Ammonium Lactate–Extractable P in Portuguese Acid Soils

The soil phosphorus (P) test in Portugal is based on extraction with ammonium lactate (AL) at acidic pH. Because this test is rarely used in other countries, it is desirable to see whether the AL-P values correlate with the more commonly used P tests. In this work, we compared AL-P with bicarbonate-extractable P (Olsen's method) for a group of 48 samples from Portuguese acidic soils differing widely in P status. Despite their contrasting composition, both reagents extracted phosphate from the same sources, albeit in different proportions. Both Olsen P and AL-P were strongly correlated with resin-extractable and dilute electrolyte-desorbable P, which are respectively related to the soil contents in phytoavailable P and P that can be released to runoff or drainage water. Olsen P and AL-P were strongly correlated (R² = 0.870), the correlation became stronger when three overfertilized soils were excluded (Olsen P = 2.35 + 0.45 AL-P; R² = 0.908; P ≤ 0.001, n = 45). No correlation was observed for a group of soils recently fertilized with Gafsa phosphate probably because the acidic AL reagent dissolved residual calcium phosphate, thus overestimating the soil content in desorbable P. On the basis of the present results and the AL-P-based fertility classes used for fertilizer recommendation purposes, Olsen P–based fertility classes were tentatively proposed for Portuguese acidic soils.     

温度对Olsen法测定潮土速效磷的影响和校正方法的探讨

探讨了温度对Ｏｌｓｅｎ法测定潮土速效磷的影响，结果表明，撮温度和速效磷浸出量之间呈极显著正相关，这种影响又与土壤速效磷贮量有关。根据统计分析得出比率（Ｐ２５／Ｐ１）与温度之间的有关参数，确定了包含土壤磷素水平影响在内的１０￣３０℃温度范围的经验校正式：Ｐ２５＝Ｐｔ（Ａ＋Ｂｔ）经检验，不同土样任意温度下测定值的校正值与２５℃时测定值无显著差异，符合试验要求。     

Olsen P评估植物有效磷的有效性 和土壤P吸附参数及它们间的关系

为了查明Olsen法(碳酸氢钠提取态磷)是否适用于酸性土壤有效磷的测定,土壤P吸附参数及它们之间的关系,利用同质地不同磷含量酸性土壤提供了这方面的信息。结果表明,Olsen法适用于酸性土壤植物有效磷的测定,Olsen P与植物磷吸收量表现出极显著相关。磷最大吸附量(Qm)与磷吸附强度(K)显著负相关。土壤缓冲容量随取样次数增加逐步减少,第3次取样时,土壤缓冲容量高磷处理(P3)中磷处理(P2)低磷处理(P1)无磷处理(P0),说明随着生长时间增加,作物从土壤带走磷量增加,含磷量低的土壤磷缓冲容量随之降低。Olsen P与Qm,K均无显著相关,但土壤磷吸附饱和度、Olsen P均证实,实验用土壤目前不会因增加施磷量而引发环境问题。磷吸附参数与Olsen P从环境和农业生产需求两方面说明了土壤磷素丰缺状况。     

Crop use and profile distribution of phosphorus in soils that developed on mafic rocks in southern Portugal

The phytoavailability of soil phosphorus (P) depends on the different forms in which it occurs and how these forms change after the application of P fertiliser to the soil. Forms of P in the A, B and C horizons of eleven pedons that developed on mafic rocks were characterised by a fractionation method before and after fertilisation with single superphosphate, and a micropot experiment was conducted to assess the short-term use of P fertiliser by rye (Secale cereale L.). The main sources of P to the crop were (i) phosphate adsorbed on mineral surfaces and pedogenic Fe, Al or Ca phosphates in the A horizon and (ii) Ca-phosphates in B and C horizons. In the C horizons, poor in Fe/Al phases and clay, the precipitated Ca-P showed low solubility, resulting in a reduction in shoot biomass. The apparent P recovery by rye was similar in the A (36%) and B (29%) but decreased in the C (15%) horizons. The partial factor productivity (g g^?1) decreased from the A (58) to B (11) and C (5) horizons. P phytoavailability decreased with increasing profile depth because the transformation of P fertiliser to poorly soluble Ca-P forms increased with depth.     

陕西关中冬小麦/夏玉米区土壤磷素特征

目的 研究陕西关中冬小麦/夏玉米区土壤磷素分布特征及近30年农田土壤有效磷变化,对维持和提高土壤质量和土地生产力,合理施磷和减磷增效具有重要意义。方法 利用2011年在陕西关中平原冬小麦/夏玉米种植区选择的10个典型县、区采集的458个土壤样本,通过与1980年土壤普查土壤有效磷含量数据的比对,分析近30年来陕西关中农田耕层土壤有效磷的变化及当前土壤磷库分布特征。结果 30年来该区农田耕层土壤有效磷含量整体呈显著上升,宝鸡市、咸阳市和渭南市的平均有效磷含量分别为26.09、27.50和21.53 mg·kg ^-1,与第二次土壤普查有效磷含量结果相比,增幅分别达334.83%、276.71%和231.23%。高有效磷等级地块的比例均有大幅度增加,其中以有效磷含量15-30 mg·kg ^-1的增幅最大,有效磷含量＜10 mg·kg ^-1的降幅最大。有效磷和无机磷总量分布呈现出西部（宝鸡市）和中部（咸阳市）高于东部（渭南市）,而有机磷含量则相反。当前关中地区大面积土壤有效磷含量高于农学阈值,可满足作物高产时的磷素供应。同时,宝鸡、咸阳市土壤有效磷含量＞37 mg·kg ^-1 的累积分布概率超过20%,水溶性磷含量＞2 mg·kg ^-1 的累积分布概率超过22%,存在较高的水环境污染风险。 结论 长期集约化高强度种植条件下含磷肥料的过量施用显著提高了土壤有效磷含量。从保护环境和合理利用有限的磷资源角度考虑,应合理调控磷肥施用,做到因土施肥,因需供肥。     

Determination of Soil Available Phosphorus using the Olsen and Mehlich 3 Methods for Greek Soils Having Variable Amounts of Calcium Carbonate

The Mehlich 3 method for the determination of available phosphorus (P) is less laborious compared to the Olsen method and provides the advantage of multielement analysis. However, in Greece the Olsen P method is currently used because of its suitability for calcareous soils. The aims of this study were to compare (a) the Mehlich 3 and Olsen methods for 200 soils having different levels of pH and calcium carbonate and (b) Mehlich 3 colorimetric and Mehlich 3 inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis for 17 acidic and 23 alkaline soils. The correlation of Mehlich 3 P and Olsen P methods, excluding soils with pH less than 5 and soils with calcium carbonate levels from 10.3 to 48.3%, resulted in a linear slope of 0.24 and r² of 0.82, and thus for this range of soils the Mehlich 3 test provided a more reliable measurement of P compared to the Olsen method. This study confirms also previous results that show that Mehlich 3 ICP test measures more P compared to Mehlich 3 colorimetry.