西安市生态足迹与生态安全的动态研究

本文在生态足迹原理的基础上,提出生态压力指数、生态占用指数和生态经济协调指数3个概念,并将其作为生态安全评价的指标体系。利用该方法对西安市1978—2003年的生态足迹与生态安全进行了定量研究。结果表明西安市人均生态足迹由1978年的1.0517hm2逐年增加至2003年的1.4419 hm2,而实际人均生态承载力则波动在0.3182(0.2759—0.3539)hm2左右,人均生态赤字从1978年的0.712 hm2增至2003年的1.166 hm2。生态压力指数从1978年的1.38逐年增至2003年的4.21,同期的生态占用指数从0.47增至0.66,生态经济协调指数由0.34降低为0.16。说明西安市现有的发展模式是不可持续的,生态环境处于极不安全状态,社会经济发展与生态环境的协调性很差。     

抗药性根瘤菌基因工程菌的构建与应用

用三亲本杂交的方法将外源抗药性质粒导入到高效固氮的根瘤菌 Tal377中,外源质粒在 Tal377中能正常表达,但不影响其原有的固氮结瘤能力。利用此抗药性根瘤菌所携带的抗药性,在接种此根瘤菌的同时结合施加一定浓度的抗菌素,抗药性根瘤菌与出发菌株相比表现出一定程度地提高其结瘤固氮能力和占瘤率。     

Competitive ability of selected Cyclopia Vent. rhizobia under glasshouse and field conditions

This study tested the competitive ability of three locally isolated Cyclopia rhizobia and strain PPRICI3, the strain currently recommended for the cultivation of Cyclopia, a tea-producing legume. Under sterile glasshouse conditions, the three locally isolated strains were equally competitive with strain PPRICI3. In field soils, the inoculant strains were largely outcompeted by native rhizobia present in the soil, although nodule occupancy was higher in nodules growing close to the root crown (the original inoculation area). In glasshouse experiments using field soil, the test strains again performed poorly, gaining less than 6% nodule occupancy in the one soil type. The presence of Cyclopia-compatible rhizobia in field soils, together with the poor competitive ability of inoculant strains, resulted in inoculation having no effect on Cyclopia yield, nodule number or nodule mass. The native rhizobial population did not only effectively nodulate uninoculated control plants, they also out-competed introduced strains for nodule occupancy in inoculated plants. Nonetheless, the Cyclopia produced high crop yields, possibly due to an adequate supply of soil N.     

有机肥与钼肥对花生根瘤菌拌种效果的影响

盆栽试验结果表明,单独根瘤菌拌种虽可增加花生单株根瘤的数量和重量,提高叶片含氮量,但荚果增产并不显著;根瘤菌拌种+有机肥或钼肥处理,不仅可增加单株根瘤的数量和重量,提高花生叶片含氮量,同时植株高度、分枝数、单株结果数、饱果率及总生物产量等都有不同程度的提高,荚果增产显著。根瘤菌与有机肥或钼肥存在较大的交互效应,生产中使用根瘤菌拌种时,应注意适当增施有机肥和钼肥。     

氮肥用量对绿豆品种皖科绿3号农艺性状及氮肥利用率的影响

为了研究氮肥用量对绿豆品种皖科绿3号产量的影响,设计4种氮肥水平（0、30、60、90kg/hm ²）,对不同处理中植株地上部干物质积累、叶绿素含量、单株荚数、产量等性状进行分析。试验结果表明：增施氮肥有助于提高干物质积累和叶绿素含量,尤其在苗期和开花期可使绿豆保持较高的叶绿素含量。根瘤数量、鲜重和干重随着氮肥施用量的增加表现出先增加后减小的趋势。株高、分枝数随着施氮量的增加而增加。氮肥水平对单株荚数、产量和氮肥农学利用率的影响效果相似,随着氮肥水平的升高,这3种性状表现为先增加后减小的趋势,在60kg/hm ²的氮肥处理达最大值。该结果同时也表明氮肥主要通过单株荚数影响绿豆产量。氮肥偏生产力随着施氮量的增加显著下降。试验结果表明施用适量氮肥可提高绿豆的增产潜力,皖科绿3号在安徽省地区种植的适宜氮肥施用量为60kg/hm ²。     

花生根瘤固氮酶活性与氮素种肥和籽粒蛋白质含量的关系

花生品种间根瘤量的变化有明显的差异,大粒种大于小粒种。特异固氮酶活性,品种间差异不显著,小粒种略高于大粒种,全生育期固氮酶活性出现两次高峰,与单株根瘤量的增长相一致。氮素种肥能抑制根瘤数和固氮酶活性,其抑制程度与氮肥量呈正相关,抑制时间发生在生育前期。固氮活性与籽粒蛋白质含量呈显著的正相关。     

花生专用叶面肥对花生根系的影响

研究结果表明,花生专用叶面肥能增加花生幼苗根长、根系体积、鲜重和干重,提高根系活力。其中以浓度为２０００ｍｇ／Ｌ的处理最明显。专用叶面肥还能提高幼苗根的可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量,增加花生根瘤鲜重和干重,提高根瘤固氮酶活性。     

Detection efficiency and habitat use to inform inventory and monitoring efforts: juvenile coho salmon in the Knik River basin,Alaska

Imperfect detection associated with sampling gear presents challenges for wildlife inventory and monitoring efforts. We examined occupancy dynamics and habitat use of juvenile coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, in shallow lake environments over a summer and early fall season in the Knik River area of south central Alaska using models which control for and estimate sampling gear detection efficiency. In addition, we present statements for the probability that observed absences at a survey site or from a survey area (a collection of sites) are true absences given some amount of sampling effort and analysts' beliefs about site occupancy and sampling gear detection efficiency which can be used to guide inventory and monitoring efforts for juvenile salmon or other wildlife and plant species. Occupancy modelling results demonstrate that minnow traps were effective at sampling juvenile coho in shallow lake environments, with a mean probability of detection across the study period of 0.68 (i.e., probability of detecting the presence of juvenile coho given that they are present at a trap site; SE = 0.03). Juvenile coho salmon migrated into shallow water lakes in late summer and early fall, presumably to seek out overwinter habitat. N‐mixture modelling examination of habitat use demonstrated that once in shallow lake environments, juvenile coho were widely distributed across a range of microhabitats, with some evidence for preference for shallower depths and warmer water temperatures.     

‘晋农1号’达乌里胡枝子根瘤内生解磷菌的鉴定及特性研究

根瘤内生解磷菌具有促进豆科植物结瘤固氮,提高植物抗逆性等作用。本研究以‘晋农1号’达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza daurica ‘Jinnong NO.1’)为试验材料,采用“划线法”分离其根瘤内生菌,筛选具有解磷能力的菌株,测定其解磷能力,并对其抗逆和促生特性进行研究。结果表明：达乌里胡枝子根瘤中共分离出88株内生菌,其中11株具有解磷能力;TG41,TG43,TG47和TG68解有机磷量为0.73~1.29μg·mL^-1,TG47和TG68解无机磷量为72.97和1.29μg·mL^-1,为有效解磷菌;经鉴定,TG41和TG43为Bacillus zanthoxyli,TG47为Phyllobacterium zundukense,TG68为Pantoea agglomerans;TG41,TG43和TG68在盐浓度0.01%~9.00%和pH4~pH12条件下均可生长;4株菌不耐高温,TG47和TG68能在4℃生长;TG41,TG43和TG68能分泌铁载体和有机酸。综上,达乌里胡枝子根瘤中存在丰富的内生菌,部分具有解磷功能、抗逆和促生潜力,可用于研发适合黄土高原地区胡枝子建植的根瘤微生物复合菌剂。     

Developing a dynamic growth model for teak plantations in India

Background： Tectono grandis （teak） is one of the most important tropical timber species occurring naturally in India. Appropriate growth models, based on advanced modeling techniques, are not available but are necessary for the successful management of teak stands in the country. Long-term forest planning requires mathematical models and the principles of Dynamical System Theory provide a solid foundation for these.
Methods： The state-space approach makes it possible to accommodate disturbances and avarying environment. In this paper, an attempt has been made to develop a dynamic growth model based on the limited data, consisting of three annual measurements, collected from 22 teak sample plots in Karnataka, Southern India.
Results： A biologically consistent whole-stand growth model has been presented which uses the state-space approach for modelling rates of change of three state-variables viz., dominant height, stems per hectare and stand basal area. Moreover, the model includes a stand volume equation as an output function to estimate this variable at any point in time. Transition functions were fitted separately and simultaneously. Moreover, a continuous autoregressive error structure is also included in the modelling process. For fitting volume equation, generalized method of moments was used to get efficient parameter estimates under heteroscedastic conditions.
Conclusions： A simple model containing few free parameters performed well and is particularly well suited to situations where available data is scarce.