Verbleib des 15N nach einmaliger Verabreichung von markiertem Düngerstickstoff im Dauerversuch Ewiger Roggenbau Halle

Fate of ¹⁵N after one single application of labelled N fertilizer in the long-term experiment Eternal Rye Cropping Halle To elucidate the fate of N in the long-term field experiment with continuous rye cropping in Halle, Germany (Haplic Phaeozem derived from sandy loess; mean annual precipitation: 466 mm) micro plots (9 m²) were established within the NPK main plot in 1993 and 1994 and the routine N dose (60 kg N ha^—1 a^—1) was once applied as ¹⁵N labelled fertilizer. In the subsequent four years each micro plot was analyzed for the ¹⁵N withdrawn with grain and straw and that remaining in the soil after harvest. Parallel to this, micro plots on the unfertilized main plot received a single dose of 5 kg ha^—1 of high-label ¹⁵N in order to achieve labelling of the annual N input from the air (˜40 kg ha^—1 a^—1) and to follow its fate. — In the NPK treatment about one third of the labelled fertilizer N applied (= *N) was taken up by the rye in the first year, while nearly half of it remained in the soil (0—100 cm), and 10—15% was not recovered (most likely lost via leaching). During the following three years the amount of *N remaining in the soil decreased from 32.7 kg ha^—1 to 21.5 kg ha^—1. However, less than half of the remobilized *N had been taken up by the crop. On the unfertilized plot the uptake of *N was lower at the end of the experiment compared to the NPK plot, while the loss exceeded the comparative figure correspondingly.     

Strategies to optimize nitrogen efficiency when fertilizing with pig slurries in dryland agricultural systems

In dryland agricultural systems, pig slurry (PS) is usually applied to cereal crops only at sowing, and slurries accumulate for the rest of the year in pits. In this context, a four-year experiment was established in order to evaluate the feasibility of PS applications at the barley or wheat tillering stage. The main treatments were PS either applied at sowing (25 Mg ha⁻¹) or not, but they alternated after a two-year period. Both were annually combined with eight side-dressing treatments at cereal tillering: mineral N as NH₄NO₃ (M; 60 or 120 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), PS from fattening pigs (PSf; 17, 30, 54 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), PS from sows (PSs; 25, 45, 81 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) and a treatment without N. The combined fertilization treatments were 18 plus a control (no N applied). In the context of crop rotation, the biennial alternation of PS applied at sowing allowed the control of soil nitrate increments, while PS side-dressing improved N recovery compared with a unique application at sowing. The highest yields (>3.6 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) were obtained with an annual average (4-yr) N rate close to 173 kg N ha⁻¹ (±40 kg N ha⁻¹). The best overall strategies corresponded to PSs side-dressings of 50–90 kg N ha⁻¹. These PSs rates also recorded the highest values on the five calculated N-efficiency indexes, which were higher than or similar to results from M side-dressings or those recorded in the literature. These similarities (M vs. PSs) were also shown by the reduction of unaccounted-for N inside the overall N balance. Thus, split PS application during the crop cycle is a sound fertilization option in dryland systems.     

不同氮利用效率基因型水稻茎秆特性比较

选用低产氮低效型、高产氮中效型和高产氮高效型具有代表性的6个粳稻品种,在各基因型各自最适氮素水平下,研究了茎秆力学特性、物理特性和化学成分含量的差异及其与氮效率的关系。结果表明：(1)较之低产类型品种,高产类型品种茎秆基部N₁节间变短、N₆节间变长,株高有所增加;茎粗、茎壁厚、茎鞘干重均极显著增加;茎鞘的K、Si含量极显著增加,N含量显著降低。由于茎秆物理性状的改善及化学成分的差异导致茎秆综合抗折力明显提高,倒伏指数降低。(2)同为高生产力类型品种,因氮效率的差异茎秆形态生理特征表现不同。较之高产氮中效类型,高产氮高效类型水稻品种茎秆N₄、N₅节间变长;茎秆粗度略有降低,但茎壁厚增加,表现茎秆干重增加,充实度加强;茎鞘的K含量无明显变化,但Si含量显著降低,N含量也呈降低趋势。对于高产品种,适当增加N₄、N₅节间长度以改善叶片配置,适当降低茎粗而提高壁厚和充实度以保证茎秆抗折力和输导能力,适当降低茎鞘Si含量以促进氮素的转移,有利于进一步提高氮肥利用率。     

不同氮吸收效率玉米品种的根系构型差异比较：模拟与应用

 【目的】研究玉米根系构型及其在土壤中的空间分布与氮吸收效率的关系,并通过根系功能-结构模型将根系构型可视化。【方法】以玉米自交系氮高效478与氮低效Wu312为材料,在田间试验的基础上,通过对种子根和不同轮次节根扫描,并以实测根长结果为参数,在改进的根系功能-结构模型的基础上对根系形态进行模拟。【结果】氮高效自交系478的种子根和每一轮节根长度、根系形态,以及根系在土壤空间中的分布都优于氮低效自交系Wu312。从模拟的角度可以看出,478根系具有较大的生长速率和分支密度。对不同轮次节根的发生、生长和衰老规律研究表明,第1～3层节根仅占总根长的很小部分,其根长分别在播种后35、57和76 d左右达到最大值,随后开始衰老;第4层以后的节根发生时间集中,与植株进入快速生长期、吸氮速率迅速增加密切相关。第4层以后节根的根长均在播种后93 d左右达到最大值,随后开始迅速衰老。【结论】玉米根系形态及其在土壤中的时空分布差异是造成氮素吸收效率差异的重要因素。以根系长度为参数,可以利用根系功能-结构模型实现不同生长发育阶段的玉米根系构型差异的可视化。     

水稻高产氮高效型品种的根系形态生理特征

选用低产氮低效型、高产氮中效型和高产氮高效型具有代表性的6个粳稻品种,在各自最适氮素水平下,研究了根系形态生理特征的差异。结果表明,较之低产类型品种,高产类型品种在根干重、根体积、根系总吸收表面积、活跃吸收表面积、根系α-NA氧化量及根系伤流强度等方面在各个生育时期均存在着明显的优势,说明生产力的提高伴随着根系形态特征的改善和生理活性的加强。同为高生产力类型品种,因氮利用率的差异根系形态生理特征表现不同。较之高产氮中效类型,高产氮高效型水稻的群体根干重、群体根体积、群体根系伤流强度和根系总吸收表面积均有所降低,而单茎根干重、单茎根体积、单茎根系伤流强度、活跃吸收表面积比及根系α-NA氧化量却有显著或极显著提高。表明适当控制高生产力水稻的群体生长量,促进群体和个体协调发展,着力提高抽穗后单茎根系质量,将是水稻高产和氮高效协调统一的可靠途径。     

水稻高产氮高效型品种的物质积累与转运特性

选用低产氮低效型、高产氮中效型和高产氮高效型具有代表性的6个粳稻品种,在各自最适氮素水平下,研究了干物质积累与转运特性的差异及其与氮效率的关系。结果表明,较之低产类型品种,高产类型品种物质生产总量提高20.29%,差异达显著水平。其中在够苗前、拔节至抽穗、抽穗至成熟阶段的干物质积累量和群体生长率分别提高15.05%、27.04%、24.75%和15.05%、28.38%、23.00%,够苗至拔节阶段则互有高低。同为高产类型品种,因氮利用率的差异物质积累与转运特性不同。较之高产氮中效型,高产氮高效型品种各生育时期的单位面积茎蘖数均呈下降趋势,其中够苗、拔节、抽穗和成熟期平均分别降低5.76%、11.61%、7.01%和5.70%,差异均达显著水平,而成穗率显著提高。各生育时期的干物质积累量均有所下降,其中,够苗、拔节、抽穗和成熟期分别降低12.18%、10.54%、8.29%和5.01%,收获指数却显著提高。抽穗至成熟阶段的干物质积累率提高5.40%,群体生长率提高5.19%。说明抽穗前适当控制群体生长,抽穗后保持较高的群体生长水平及较高的收获指数是高产氮高效型品种的重要物质生产特性。