陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区苔藓内生细菌群落多样性分析

以延安市当地藓结皮中的土著优势种土生对齿藓(Didymodon vinealis)、反扭藓(Timmiella anomala)和青藓(Brachythecium albicans)为研究对象,分析3种苔藓植株内生细菌的群落组成和多样性,揭示3种不同品种的苔藓植株内生细菌的群落结构及多样性差异。采用高通量测序技术分析3种苔藓植株内生细菌16S rRNA基因V3~V4 变异区序列,使用生物信息学方法分析3种苔藓内生细菌的群落结构及多样性。结果表明：土生对齿藓、反扭藓、青藓3种苔藓测序共获得178 173条有效序列,在97%一致性下共产生705个有效的OTUs。在门、纲和属水平上,土生对齿藓的优势类群分别是蓝藻细菌门(Cyanobacteria,57.91%)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria,41.00%),γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria,35.02%)、α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria,5.92%)和假单胞细菌属(Pseudomonas,24.92%)、(Massilia,6.26%);反扭藓分别为蓝藻细菌门(Cyanobacteria,40.05%)、变形菌门( Proteobacteria,40.88%),α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria,30.87%)和(Phytohabitans,4.10%)、鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas,3.93%);青藓分别是蓝藻细菌门(Cyanobacteria,80.49%)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria,15.26%),γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria,7.66%)、α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria,7.45%)和假单胞细菌属(Pseudomonas,6.46%)。Alpha多样性和Beta多样性分析表明,反扭藓的Chao1指数(370.667)和Shannon指数(5.368)最大,基于韦恩图分析3种苔藓存在87个共有OTUs,土生对齿藓、反扭藓和青藓独有OTUs分别为7、175和13,说明3种苔藓不仅有较高的细菌多样性,还存在一定的差异。典范对应分析(Canonical Correlation Analysis, CCA)结果表明,土壤中有效氮(AN)和有机质(OM)的含量是影响3种苔藓内生细菌的群落多样性变化的主要因素。3个不同品种的苔藓的内生细菌种类丰富,群落结构组成和丰度均存在较大的差异,且苔藓所生长的微环境如有效氮和有机质的含量会对其内生细菌群落结构和多样性有较大影响。本研究可为苔藓内生细菌菌种资源的开发和生产应用提供理论支持。     

Ground vegetation has a major role in element dynamics in an ash-fertilized cut-away peatland

In Finland, recycling of wood-ash as a fertilizer has been widely studied in recent decades in peatlands drained for forestry. Wood-ash is reported to promote tree growth without any significant negative impacts on the environment and could, therefore, be a suitable option on cut-away peatlands, which are estimated to increase by 30,000 ha over the next ten years. However, the environmental effects of ash-fertilization on cut-away peatlands or on ground vegetation are not well known. We studied the effects of wood- and peat-ash application on the nutrient content in soil and plants and on the heavy metal content in the vegetation of a cut-away peatland. Six treatments of different quantities and mixtures of wood-ash, peat-ash, biotite, or Forest PK-fertilizer were replicated in three plots. Both wood- and peat-ash fertilization ensured an adequate level of nutrients for the early establishment and growth of ground vegetation and birch seedlings in a cut-away peatland. Dense pioneer moss cover was important in trapping the heavy metals, such as cadmium, which are present in the ash. Ground vegetation of mosses and herbaceous plants also had a major role in the retention of the nutrients that could otherwise have leached from the open cut-away peatland area during the early stages of afforestation. Both wood- and peat-ash proved to be suitable for the initial fertilization of afforested cut-away peatlands, but in order to guarantee a sufficient long-term potassium supply for tree growth, an application of biotite with the peat-ash is recommended.     

Litter decomposition and faunal activity in Mediterranean forest soils: effects of N content and the moss layer

Accumulation of soil carbon is mainly controlled by the balance between litter production and litter decomposition. Usually In Mediterranean forests there are contrasting conditions in the distribution of faunal activity and the moss layer that may have different effects on litter decomposition. Decomposition and faunal activity were studied by exposing litter of contrasting quality (Pinus halepensis Mill. and Quercus ilex L.) for 3.5 yr in three Mediterranean pine forests of the eastern Iberian Peninsula. The effects of mosses on decomposition and on faunal activity were studied by exposing P. halepensis litter either on moss patches or directly on the forest floor. Faecal pellet production was used as an indication of faunal activity. Water availability or soil characteristics seem to limit faunal activities in the drier sites. Faecal pellets were not found during the first stages of decomposition and in all sites they appeared when about a 30% of the initial litter had decomposed. Under wet conditions faecal pellet production was very high and a mass balance suggested that soil faunal activity may result in a net flow of organic matter from the lower organic horizons to the surface Oi horizon. Mosses slightly increased mass loss of pine litter probably as a consequence of high potentially mineralizable nitrogen in the Oa horizon of moss patches and also, perhaps, as a consequence of the higher moisture content measured in the Oi horizon needles sampled among the mosses. In contrast, moss patches reduced faunal activity. The effect of litter quality on mass loss was not always significant, suggesting an interaction between litter quality and site conditions. During the first stages of decomposition there was N immobilisation in P. halepensis litter (poorer in N) and N release from Q. ilex litter (richer in N). In conclusion, in these forests soil microclimate and/or N availability appear to be more important controlling litter decomposition than the distribution of faunal activity.     

Unusual soil nematode communities on karst mountain peaks in southwest China

On karst mountain peaks in southwest China, soils are very shallow and vegetation cover is very low. Although the subtropical monsoon climate provides abundant rainfall, the soils experience severe dry–wet cycles and extremely high temperatures in summer (wet season). We determined the composition of soil nematode communities along a vegetation succession sere of four common plant communities (i.e., moss crust, moss crust with sparse grasses, sparse grasses, and sparse dwarf shrubs) on karst mountain peaks in the wet and dry seasons. The results showed that the nematode communities were unusual. Specifically, Rhabdolaimus was the most abundant nematode genus. Rhabdolaimus is a common aquatic nematode genus that has been detected in hot springs but has not been previously reported as the dominant genus in relatively arid and semi-arid soils. Therefore, tolerance to extremely high soil temperatures and rapid wet–dry cycles may help explain why Rhabdolaimus dominates the nematode communities in the soils of karst mountain peaks in southwest China.     

青苔去除剂对温室盆花栽培基质中叶绿素含量的影响

以温室盆花蝴蝶兰的生长基质水苔为试验材料,选用5种除藻剂对其进行处理,研究各种试剂处理对青苔生长的抑制效果.结果表明:所采用的不同浓度的除藻剂对青苔生长都有一定程度的抑制作用.在试验范围内,2.0 mg/L的高锰酸钾、400 mg/L的水杨酸、11.0 mg/L的双氧水、50 mg/L的新洁尔灭、15.0 mg/L的戊二醛对青苔的去除效果最好,其青苔中的叶绿素含量分别是0.0714、0.0771、0.0819、0.0540、0.0746 mg/g.对5种试剂的最佳去除浓度进行方差分析,50 mg/L的新洁尔灭与11.0 mg/L的双氧水、400 mg/L的水杨酸、15.0 mg/L的戊二醛3种 试剂之间的差异达到极显著水平,与2.0 mg/L的高锰酸钾之间的差异性达到了显著水平.11 mg/L 的双氧水、400 mg/L的水杨酸、15 mg/L的戊二醛、2.0 mg/L的高锰酸钾四者之间没有明显差异,其中50 mg/L新洁尔灭的除藻效果最好.     

中国药用苔藓植物研究的文献分析(Ⅱ)

为更好地了解我国药用苔藓植物资源的现状,为药用苔藓植物化学成分、药效等深入研究提供依据,按照中国苔藓植物分区,对各分区内40余篇报道药用苔藓植物资源调查的学术论文进行研究分析.结果表明:在中国苔藓植物10个分区中,华北区、云贵区、华东区和华中区是我国药用苔藓植物资源文献报道较多的地区,而横断山区则未见报道;贵州、山东和河北等省份报道较多,江苏、陕西、青海、西藏、海南、广东、澳门、香港和台湾等省区未见有专门报道.     

Moss-Erwinia pathosystem reveals possible similarities in pathogenesis and pathogen defense in vascular and nonvascular plants

Vascular plants have various inducible resistance mechanisms as defense against pathogens. Mosses, small nonvascular plants (subkingdom Bryophyta), have been little studied in regard to their pathogens or modes of defense. Data here show that Erwinia carotovora, a bacterial plant pathogen that causes softrot in many dicotyledonous plants, can also cause soft rot symptoms in the moss Physcomitrella patens. Infection of moss by E. carotovora required pathogenicity factors similar to those required to infect vascular plants and, again as in vascular plants, salicylic acid (SA) induced moss to inhibit tissue maceration by Erwinia. These data reveal that SA-dependent defense pathways may have evolved before differentiation of vascular and nonvascular plants.     

Urban background of air pollution: Evaluation through moss bag biomonitoring of trace elements in Botanical garden

Urban background air pollution is the lowest level of pollution representative for the exposure of general urban population and mainly originates from non-local sources of pollution. Moss bag technique has been predominantly adopted for biomonitoring of trace elements across anthropogenically devastated areas, such as urban and industrial zones. However, the technique has been rarely used for measurement of background air pollution. In this study, element content and concomitant physiological parameters were assessed in the moss Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw. after its exposure within the bags in the Botanical garden (Belgrade, Serbia), as the presumable background area. During the summer of 2014, the moss bags were exposed for 60 days in total, and the sample analyses were performed every 15 days. As a control of the measured physiological parameters, a set of the moss bags was kept within the phytotron, under conditions of optimal-like growth. The total content of 21 elements, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids), phenolics, and antioxidative capacity were determined in the moss samples. The levels of trace elements were markedly lower within the Botanical garden in comparison to the street ambient, but still significantly higher than in the moss pristine habitat. However, the performed physiological tests indicated that the vulnerability of the moss during exposure time was not caused by the low trace element enrichment, but probably by the harsh meteorological parameters in an urban area. Finally, the Botanical garden could be assumed as control site for measurement of the urban background pollution, and it might be effectively measured by the moss bag technique.     

Vegetation,water beetles and habitat isolation in abandoned lowland bog drains and peat pits

• 1. Multivariate analysis of vegetation and water beetles recorded in the abandoned drains and flooded workings of a cut‐over lowland Irish raised bog, Montiaghs Moss, shows that water depth and trophic status are key predictors of plant species composition and that vegetation community structure significantly explains water beetle composition.
• 2. The spatial distribution of secondary and tertiary drains and peat pits influences species composition indirectly, through trophic status, by connecting habitats with primary agricultural drains passing through the bog.
• 3. Habitat isolation and the cessation of drain management promote change in the submerged aquatic vegetation, emergent‐swamp and poor‐fen habitats recorded by facilitating vegetation development and surface acidification.
• 4. The ecological consequences are likely to be a reduction in the area of open‐water habitats, the development of poor‐fen vegetation and the subsequent loss of high conservation value species of plants and beetles.
• 5. Management for biodiversity conservation should initially address water quality, for example, through the European Union (EU) Water Framework Directive, followed by restoration to promote structural and spatial heterogeneity of drain and peat‐pit habitats.
• 6. At a landscape scale, implementing ditch and peat‐pit management across abandoned cut‐over lowland raised bog habitats in the farmed Northern Ireland countryside, through EU Common Agricultural Policy agri‐environment schemes, would give regional gains.

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

毛乌素沙地苔藓结皮对沙化土壤性质和细菌群落的影响

我国沙化土地占国土面积的17.93%,对北方地区经济和社会的发展、人们的生活以及生态平衡影响巨大。土壤生物结皮能有效防风固沙,微生物在其形成中起着重要作用。之前在对生物结皮微生物群落研究方面,缺乏对生物结皮层与同厚度裸沙表层之间以及它们各自下方土壤之间的比较与分析。采用高通量测序技术,对毛乌素沙地苔藓结皮层与裸沙表层,结皮下方土壤与裸沙下层土壤细菌群落结构进行了分析。结合土壤理化因子数据,分析了苔藓结皮对沙地细菌群落多样性的影响。结果表明：相比于裸沙表层苔藓结皮显著提高了土壤速效养分、全氮和有机质的水平,结皮下方土壤中速效养分、全磷和有机质含量均高于裸沙下层。结皮层及其下方土壤中粗粉砂和粉粒的含量显著高于裸沙表层和下层,表明苔藓结皮显著改善了沙地土壤的理化性质。速效磷、速效钾、速效氮、黏粒、粉粒、粗砂是影响沙地土壤细菌群落组成的重要环境因子。多样性分析显示,结皮下方土壤中细菌多样性最高。在苔藓结皮层中unclassifiled_f__Micromonosporaceae（小单孢菌科的未知属）,norank_c__Cyanobacteria（蓝藻纲的未知属）和Pseudonocardia（假诺卡氏菌属）的相对丰度都显著高于裸沙表层;在结皮下方土壤中norank_c__Acidobacteria（酸杆菌纲的未知属）和Rubrobacter（红色杆菌属）的相对丰度均显著高于裸沙下层,这些差异显著的物种对稳定沙地土壤结构具有重要作用。在研究生物结皮的过程中,对照沙地也要分层取样,微生物群落对比分析才更准确。因此,苔藓结皮的形成对沙地原有表层及下层土壤的细菌群落产生显著影响,利于生物固沙。研究结果为风沙治理和荒漠生态恢复提供了重要的微生物学理论依据。