我国北部农牧交错区城郊土地利用时空变化—以包头市为例

以包头市城郊区为例 ,在地理信息系统支持下 ,以乡镇 (苏木 )为研究单元 ,研究本地区土地利用时空动态变化过程 ,并分析其变化驱动因素。从微观角度分析了北方农牧交错区城郊区土地利用变化特征。农牧交错区是人类活动影响强烈之地带 ,土地利用变化与土地持续研究利用 ,对生态安全和地区持续发展具有十分重要的意义。     

The value of vegetation cover for ecosystem services in the suburban context

Latin-American cities can be characterized by dynamic processes of urbanization that encroach upon the natural and semi-natural surrounding landscapes. Our study presents the effects of landscape development, transformed from semi-natural conditions into a mostly disperse suburban settlement. We explore the impact that this transformation has had on this context by three ecosystem services that regulate rainwater runoff, enhance microclimate conditions and help to improve air quality by monitoring vegetation cover. We have designed a spatio-temporal hierarchical analysis which employs remote sensing techniques to capture the structural changes of this landscape over long, medium and short term scales on two spatial levels. This methodological approach was tested in the Metropolitan Area of Santiago (MAS) as case study area. Despite of the increase in impervious surfaces due to urban processes, there has also been an increase in vegetation cover, which has led to an improvement in the provision of the above-mentioned ecosystem services. Hence, if diverse urbanization processes continue and they are coupled with an increase in vegetation cover, the provision of ecosystem services could also expand. This phenomenon can be observed in some areas, where public and private green spaces are created and maintained. Our data analyses give evidence that certain types of suburban areas which increase the share of vegetation cover can provide daily ecological benefits for urban neighborhoods, and beyond, for adjacent areas. Moreover, suburban development can successfully provide ecological benefits to citizens. Such processes can only be ecologically sustainable if the composition of vegetation is well-adapted to the regional climatic conditions.     

京津冀都市圈生态休闲农业的功能定位及关键问题探析

立足京津冀都市圈一体化发展的实际需求,围绕环境、社会、经济和空间4个维度阐明了生态休闲农业的功能定位体系,从生态环境保护与开发、正外部性与负外部性、农业科技创新与推广、产业集聚和品牌创建等方面透视了生态休闲农业发展的关键问题,提出了发展生态休闲农业,促进区域分工合作,推进城乡统筹的对策建议。     

上海市近郊区土地整治潜力评价方法体系研究——以宝山区为例

针对土地利用情况较为复杂的上海市近郊地区,设计了一套涵盖农用地整治、农村居民点整治、工业用地整治的土地整治潜力评价方法体系,并以宝山区为例进行了实证研究。     

基于SBE法的北京市郊野公园绿地结构质量评价技术

以北京市已建的郊野公园为研究对象,共收集46张一般绿地景观照片、50张建筑与小品和道路等人造硬质景观周边绿地景观照片、54张滨水植物景观照片和相关资料,采用景观美景度评判法对郊野公园这3种绿地类型进行景观评判,并利用多元数量化模型Ⅰ构建相应的美景度模型,对绿地结构的质量进行评价。结果表明:影响一般绿地结构主要因素为绿视率、郁闭度、植物色彩数量、植物色彩对比度、生活型构成和植物野趣程度;影响人造硬质景观周边绿地结构的主要因素为相对枝下高、总体协调性、栽植方式、枝叶密度和建筑物风格;影响滨水植物景观结构的主要因素为植被空间占有率、总体协调性、栽植方式和层片结构。根据景观美景度模型所反映的群众喜欢度,对郊野公园上述3种绿地的结构调整提出如下经营建议:1)对于一般绿地,应充分利用野生花草和乡土灌木,构建以乔灌草为主的林分结构,以增大绿地的绿视率,促进植被向近自然方向发展;结合密度调整,对现有绿地进行局部物种组成调整,充分利用不同色系植物营造出具有一定变化和对比度的景观;建议将郁闭度控制在0.6～0.8;加大大径级林木的培育力度,营造疏密有致的林下游憩空间;2)对于建筑、小品和道路等人造硬质景观周边绿地,可通过合理的植...     

An integrated hydro-economic modelling framework to evaluate water allocation strategies II: Scenario assessment

In this paper the results of an assessment of the hydrological and economic implications of reallocating water in the Musi sub-basin, a catchment within the Krishna Basin in India, are reported. Policy makers identified a number of different but plausible scenarios that could apply in the sub-basin, involving; supplying additional urban demand from agricultural allocations of water, implementing a number of demand management strategies, changing the timing of releases for hydropower generation, changing the crops grown under irrigation, reducing existing stream flows and allowing for more environmental flows. The framework chosen to undertake this assessment was a simulation model that measures and compares the economic values of water allocation scenarios determined from a water allocation model that accounts for supplies of groundwater and surface water across a number of regions and over a variety of uses. Policy makers are provided with the range of measures on the security of the supply of water and the social costs and benefits of reallocating water between sectors and across regions within the sub-basin. Taking water from agriculture to supply urban users has a greater impact on irrigation supplies during dry years. It was also found that changing the allocation of water between sectors, by taking it away from agriculture had a large positive economic impact on the urban sector. Yet the costs involved in undertaking such a strategy results in a significant loss in the net present value of the scheme. Stream flow reductions, if significantly large (at around 20%), were found to have a large physical and economic impact on the agricultural sector. Implementing water saving strategies in Hyderabad was found to be more cost effective than taking water from agriculture, if rainwater tanks are used to achieve this. Changing the timing of hydropower flows resulted in best meeting of irrigation demand in NSLC and NSRC. Under this scenario, the crops grown under irrigation were found to have a significant economic impact on the sub-basin, but not as large as farmers undertaking crop diversification strategies, ones which result in farmers growing less rice. The security of supplying water to different agricultural zones has significantly improved under this scenario. Finally, releasing water for environmental purposes was found to have only a minor impact on the agricultural sector.     

南昌郊区可持续农业总体规划的探讨——以南昌市郊区扬子洲现代农业生态示范村为例

结合南昌市郊区扬子洲现代农业生态示范村点总体规划，介绍了项目的概况，总体规划思路和用地总体规划。     

1991—2000年沈阳市农村科学技术发展规划研究

本文在对沈阳市农村科技与经济发展现状调查研究的基础上,分析了今后面临的形势,借鉴国内外农村科技发展的道路,提出了发展科学技术,建设高效持久城郊型农业的战略目标,明确了今后发展的指导方针和战略重点,并对实现农村科技发展战略措施进行了探讨。     

基于GIS的野生哺乳动物空间平衡抽样方法研究——以南京东郊为例

城市近郊大型绿地的野生动物生态监测方法研究是一个普遍而尚未引起足够重视的课题。空间平衡抽样结合了简单随机抽样和系统抽样2种抽样方法的优点,对点状、线状、面状不同类型的调查对象具有较强的适应性。以南京东郊的大型哺乳动物河麂Hydropotes inermis为研究对象,以47个物种痕迹点和江苏基础地理信息数据库的8个环境变量为主要信息源,采用最大熵法(Maxent)生态位模型,建立潜在生境预测模型。在此基础上,分别采用反向随机四分递推栅格(RRQRR)、通用随机方格分层算法(GRTS)2种算法,进行空间平衡抽样,从生境适生概率、监测成本、调查难度3个方面建立评价指标来比较空间平衡抽样与系统抽样、随机抽样性能的优劣。结果表明:南京东郊河麂的潜在生境呈高度破碎化格局,距离公路距离(41.9%)、距离铁路距离(17.8%)、距离居民点距离(14.7%)3个与快速交通有关的因子的贡献率占了74.4%;当样本大小为200时,空间平衡抽样的抽样对象样本点平均适生概率平均为0.029 850 5,分别比简单随机抽样、系统抽样高了77.34%、68.30%,显示了较高的抽样精度;平均海拔、平均坡度分别为86.927 8 m、1...