Optimising cutting method and timing for the control of Abutilon theophrasti seed production

Abutilon theophrasti (velvetleaf) is a widespread and problematic annual weed. Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of different cutting methods on the viability of A. theophrasti seeds. Three cutting methods were assessed: (1) Entire plant cut and dried (EPD)—plants were cut at soil level and dried with capsules attached on the greenhouse bench or soil surface for 4 weeks; (2) capsules detached and dried (CD)—capsules were removed from plants and dried for 4 weeks; and (3) capsules detached and tested while fresh (CF)—a control treatment. Before drying, the developmental stage (stage one, dark green; stage two, light green; stage three, yellowish-green; or stage four, black with the slightly open capsule) and age (days after flowering, DAF) of each capsule was recorded. Seed viability was measured immediately in the CF treatment and after the 4-week drying period in the EPD and CD treatments. No seeds in the EPD and CD treatments were viable when harvested at the first developmental stage (1–8 DAF) in either experiment, but 100% of seeds in the CF treatment in the field were viable when harvested at 8 DAF. In both greenhouse and field experiments, seeds attained full viability at earlier harvest ages in CF than in EPD or CD treatments, suggesting that seeds might become viable relatively early in development but lose viability if allowed to dry. These findings could be applied to optimise late-season mechanical control of A. theophrasti.     

白背黄花稔Sida rhombifolia的生物活性及化学成分研究

用石油醚和乙酸乙酯分别对白背黄花稔 Sida rhombifolia L.地上部分的乙醇提取物进行萃取,得不同萃取相;测定了乙醇提取物及不同萃取相对白纹伊蚊 Aedes albopictus Skuse 4龄幼虫和福寿螺 Ampullaria gigas Spix的毒杀活性。结果表明,乙醇提取物和乙酸乙酯相对白纹伊蚊4龄幼虫的杀虫活性明显,而石油醚相和乙醇提取物对福寿螺的杀螺活性较好。对乙酸乙酯相进一步分离得到11个化合物,经核磁共振氢谱(1H NMR)和碳谱(13C NMR)鉴定其分别为已知化合物:间-羟基苯甲酸(1)、棕榈酸1-甘油酯(2)、丁香酸(3)、没食子酸(4)、 β -谷甾醇(5)、豆甾醇(6)、东莨菪内酯(7)、山奈酚(8) 、5-羟基-7,4'-二甲氧基二氢黄酮(9)、3- O - β -D-葡萄糖-(6- O -对羟基反式香豆酰基)-山奈素苷(10)和 β -谷甾醇-3- O -葡萄糖苷(11)。其中化合物 2 对白纹伊蚊4龄幼虫具有较好的杀虫活性,24 h和48 h的LC50值分别为28.66和13.50 μg/mL。     

The genome biogeography of Hibiscus L. section Furcaria DC

Summary Hibiscus L. section Furcaria DC. (Malvaceae) is a natural group of more than 100 known species, many of which are handsome ornamentals with large, showy, delicate flowers. This group includes the fiber, food, and medicinal plants kenaf, H. cannabinus L., and roselle, H. sabdariffa L. The basic chromosome number is x = 18. In nature are found diploid, tetraploid, hexaploid, octoploid, and decaploid taxa. This group displays a remarkable amount of genome diversity, as shown by cytological analysis of 140 hybrid combinations from over 60,000 crosses. At least 13 genomes are present: A, B, C, D, E, G, H, J, P, R, V, X, and Y. Subsaharan Africa is the center of genome diversity; nine of the 13 genomes are represented in African taxa, and nine of the 10 confirmed diploid species occur in Africa. Five (possibly six) genomes reside in extant diploids. The G genome (or a modified G genome) is widely distributed. Found in only one diploid species in Africa, it is found also in African tetraploid and African and Indian octoploid species, in New World tetraploid and decaploid species, and in Australian hexaploid species. The G-genome apparently was widely dispersed and differentiated, followed by hybridization, subsequent chromosome doubling, and radiation. The A, B, X, and Y genomes, on the other hand, are confined mainly to Africa, with a few taxa in Asia, and apparently are the products of a later round of hybridization and allopolyploidy.     

陕西省锦葵科豆科大戟科植物炭疽病菌的鉴定

对采自陕西锦葵科豆科大戟科植物上炭疽病菌的鉴定结果表明，在这三科植物上有以下炭疽病菌的种、专化型和型“①黑线炭疽菌［Ｃｏｌｔｏｔｒｉｃｈｕｍｄｅｍａｔｉｕｍ（Ｐｅｒｓ．ｅｘＦｒ）Ｇｒｏｖ］；②菜豆炭疽菌［Ｃｏｌｅｔｏｔｒｉｃｈｕｍｌｉｎｄｅｍｕｔｈｉａｎｕｍ（Ｓａｃ．ｅｔＭｏｇｎ）］；③黑线疽豆类专化型［Ｃｏｌ ｌｅｔｏｔｒｉｃｈｕｍｄｅｍａｔｉｕｍ．ｆ．ｔｒｕｎｃｏｔａ（Ｓｃｈｗ．）ｖ．Ａｒｘ］．首次发同了锦葵、蜀葵为炭疽菌的新寄主。另外，在蓖麻上发现了一个可疑种。     

棉花与锦葵科等植物的子叶、叶序与花瓣旋向之间的形态相关

棉花与锦葵科（Malvaceae）等植物的子叶、真叶、花梗与花瓣的一些形态特征有着十分密切的互相关连。据对棉花与锦葵科及十字花科，茄科、苋科、藜科共5科16种植物观察，它们的二片子叶均有大小之别，并各自参预了叶序及其转向的形成。叶序转向的顺时针或反时针系由数学上或然率所致。棉花和多种锦葵科植物的主茎叶序转向与叶     

北京地区锦葵科草本观赏植物引种栽培试验

【目的】锦葵科植物多具有花大色艳,抗逆性强等优点。本试验通过适应性栽培试验,以期筛选出适宜北京地区广泛应用的锦葵科草本园林绿化用材。【方法】从中国的甘肃、内蒙、四川,美国、日本等地收集到种子、种苗等资源20余份,隶属9属10种16个品种;进行连续3年多的引种栽培试验,包括对物候期、观赏特性及抗逆性的统计分析。【结果】锦葵、蜀葵、芙蓉葵在北京地区能够安全越冬,且抗旱耐热能力较强,花期均可从6月上旬持续到10月中旬。紫叶槿虽不能露地越冬,但整个生长季植株为红褐色,抗病虫害及抗旱耐热能力极强。【结论】最终筛选出适宜北京地区大力推广及广泛应用的资源,分别为蜀葵、锦葵、芙蓉葵及紫叶槿。     

冷胁迫对锦葵科植物部分生理指标的影响研究（英文）

锦葵科植物研究正常温度和低温条件下锦葵科植物品种部分耐冷生理生化指标的变化趋势。结果表明锦葵科植物耐冷品种在冷胁迫条件下电导率上升明显小于不耐冷品种,而脯氨酸含量、可溶性蛋白含量均比不耐热品种高。上述生理指标均可作为锦葵科植物品种耐冷性筛选指标,也为其他园林植物的耐冷筛选提供理论指导。     

In vitro organogenesis of Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet from leaf derived callus and assessment of genetic fidelity using ISSR markers

This study reports on in vitro regeneration of Abutilon indicum plantlets through callus mediated organogenesis. The leaf explants implanted on Murashige and Skoogs (MS) medium supplemented with 4.52 µM 2, 4-Dicholorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) and 8.88 µM 6 Benzyladenine (BA) showed highest response (70.3%) for callus proliferation, but these callus did not showed any morphogenetic differentiation on the same medium even after 12 weeks. Whereas, subsequent sub-culture of this green proliferated callus on MS medium added with 2.68µM α-Napthalene acetic acid (NAA), 8.88µM BA and 543 µM Adenine sulphate showed the highest frequency (62.2%) of multiple shoot-buds production and also elongation of shoots. Well developed shoots were efficiently rooted in vitro on half strength MS medium supplemented with 7.38 µM Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Seventy per cent of in vitro regenerated plantlets were successfully established in garden and were morphologically alike to the donor plants. The genetic homogeneity of these in vitro regenerated plantlets was also affirmed by inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis using eight ISSR primers. This standardised in vitro organogenesis protocol supplements a good platform for the conservation of A. indicum germplasms and also caters for the needs of the herbal industry.