变叶海棠种群多样性的形成与分化研究

 采用杂种指数和形象化散点图法, 探明了变叶海棠以兼性无融合生殖方式与陇东海棠和花叶海棠产生渗入杂交变异, 又以无融合生殖方式保持新产生变异的遗传, 经过数千万年的世代繁衍,形成现今这样极其复杂多样的渗入杂交群体, 该群体为3 个种的杂交复合体。由于杂种的全部或部分能育子代中发生的基因重组和增加基因的突变, 丰富了物种的基因库, 从而深入的揭示了变叶海棠具有多种高抗性的遗传机理。在变叶海棠居群内保护或栽植适量的陇东海棠和花叶海棠, 对于保持和促进变叶海棠多样性的形成与分化具有重要意义。     

苹果种质资源对苹果树腐烂病抗性评价

为全面了解苹果种质资源对苹果树腐烂病的抗性情况,利用2个不同来源的苹果腐烂病菌株,连续2 a对204份苹果种质资源进行了枝条离体接种鉴定。结果表明,接种后不同的种质资源的发病率和严重度均表现出丰富的多样性。西洋苹果资源（Malus domestica Borkh.）中发病率较低-极低的品种和类型所占的比例较高（16.6...     

高海拔冻土层地区不同土壤温度对花叶海棠光合特性的影响

为促进花叶海棠在高海拔冻土层地区的生长,通过使用自控温电热带土壤增温措施对土壤进行增温试验,分别设置2.0 (S₁)、3.0 (S₂)、4.0 (S₃)、5.0 (S₄) ℃ 4种增温梯度和1个CK对照组,测量不同梯度下花叶海棠的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度及胞间CO₂浓度。结果表明：在4种处理中,S₄的花叶海棠叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、胞间CO₂浓度最大,与对照相比,其增长率分别为13.88%、58.55%、18.42%;S₃的花叶海棠叶片气孔导度最大,增长率为8.68%。土壤温度与花叶海棠叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO₂浓度呈极显著相关,与蒸腾速率呈显著相关。与对照组相比S₄与S₃能明显提高净光合速率、蒸腾速率,与对照组相比S₄、S₃、S₂能明显地提高气孔导度、胞间CO₂浓度。综合各项指标分析,在试验范围内土壤温度增加4.0~5.0 ℃最适宜花叶海棠的生长。     

Method of Constructing Core Collection for Malus sieversii in Xinjiang, China Using Molecular Markers

The method for constructing core collection ofMalus sieversii based on molecular marker data was proposed. According to 128 SSR allele of 109 M. sieversii, an allele preferred sampling strategy was used to construct M. sieversii core collection, using the UPGMA （unweighted pair-group average method） cluster method according to Nei ＆ Li, SM, and Jaccard genetic distances, by stepwise clustering, and compared with the random sampling strategy. The number of lost allele and t-test of Nei＇s gene diversity and Shannon＇s information index were used to evaluate the representative core collections. The results showed that compared with the random sampling strategy, allele preferred sampling strategy could construct more representative core collections. SM, difference for construction of M. sieversii core collection. Jaccard, and Nei ＆ Li genetic distances had no significant SRAP （sequence-related amplified polymorphism） data and morphological data showed that allele preferred sampling strategy was a good sampling strategy for constructing core collection of M. sieversii. Allele preferred sampling strategy combined with SM, Jaccard, and Nei ＆ Li genetic distances using stepwise clustering was the suitable method for constructing M. sieversii core collection.     

The effects of apple dwarfing rootstocks on leaf nutrient element composition in stoolbed production

The nutritional status of 22 apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) dwarfing rootstocks, with varied degrees of dwarfing, was evaluated during stoolbed production in 1983 and 1984. Rootstock effects were observed for all leaf nutrient elements studied except Cu. Except for EMLA 27, leaf N levels were generally highest in dwarfing EMLA and Polish series and lowest on vigorous MAC and EMLA rootstocks. Relatively few significant differences were found in leaf P and K content among rootstocks. Foliar Ca and Mg concentrations were generally highest on Polish and Budagovski rootstocks and lowest on EMLA 111. Leaf B levels on vigorous and semi‐dwarfing EMLA rootstocks and Fe levels in MAC, Polish, and Budagovski series were considerably higher than on other rootstocks. Although significant differences were found in leaf Mn and Zn among rootstocks, no specific effect for rootstock vigor was observed for either element. Positive correlations between leaf Ca and Mg occurred in 17 rootstocks while negative correlations between N and Fe were observed in 21 rootstocks.     

贝莱斯芽孢杆菌XC1的筛选、鉴定及其对苹果连作障碍的影响

从连作苹果园健康苹果树根际土壤中筛选出1株对苹果连作障碍镰孢属病原菌具有较强拮抗作用的细菌XC1,该菌对尖孢镰孢菌的抑菌率最高,达到79.83%。根据其形态、生理生化特征和基于16S rDNA、gyrA基因的系统发育分析,鉴定该菌为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis)。目前菌株XC1已保藏于中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心,保藏号为CGMCCNo.20057。苹果连作土盆栽试验表明,XC1菌肥处理能显著促进平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis Rehd.)幼苗的生长,其株高、地径、鲜质量和干质量分别比对照提高了54.8%、34.8%、121.1%和96.0%;显著提高连作土壤中的蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶和中性磷酸酶的活性,分别为对照的1.57倍、2.71倍、1.21倍和1.79倍;显著减少连作土壤中真菌的数量,提高细菌和放线菌的数量,且对尖孢镰孢菌(Fusarium oxysporum)有很好的抑制作用,尖孢镰孢菌的基因拷贝数比对照降低了76.4%。这说明贝莱斯芽孢杆菌抑制连作障碍病原菌的效果明显,可改善土壤环境,促进平邑甜茶幼苗的生长,能在一定程度...     

水分胁迫下苹果属植物叶片叶绿素降解的膜脂过氧化损伤作用

 苹果属植物幼苗在水分胁迫下,随着胁迫时间的延长,叶片叶绿素(Chl)降解加剧,活性氧(如O_2~、H_2O_2)、膜脂过氧化产物(如MDA)含量明显增加,细胞质膜相对透性(PMP)明显增大。其中,Chl、O_2~、H_2O_2、MDA、PMP的变化幅度表现为平邑甜茶大于新疆野苹果。经相关分析表明,Chl含量与O_2~、H_2O_2和MDA的含量,及PMP之间均呈显著负相关。V_E、抗坏血酸(ASA)和甘露醇预处理可延缓水分胁迫诱导的MDA含量的产生和减慢Chl降解;而Fe~(2+)、H_2O_2及Fenton反应则可刺激MDA含量的增加,加速Chl降解。     

Nomenclature and genetic relationships of apples and pears from Terceira Island

Heritage apple (Malus domestica Borkh. hybrids) and pear (Pyrus communis L. hybrid) trees grow in villages throughout Terceira Island, Azores, Portugal. Some of these pears have different names but similar morphology. The objective of this study was to determine synonymy, homology, and phylogeny of apples and pears from Terceira and to examine potential relationships of the island pears with standard apples and pears of Portuguese or American descent. Nine apple microsatellite markers were used to determine genetic relationships. Distance- and parsimony-based cluster analysis grouped these genotypes into separate apple and pear clades. The Terceira apples were divided into two clades: the maçā and the reineta-reinette. Among the 17 heritage apple genotypes, seven unique accessions were identified and four groups of synonyms, or possibly clones, were detected including: ‘Reineta Agosto’ and ‘Reineta Verde’ from Altares; ‘Reineta Castanha’ and ‘Reineta Verde Miuda’; ‘Maçā Pêra,’ ‘Maçā Calhau’, ‘Pêro Branco’ from Salga and from Terra-Chā and ‘Maçā Marmelo’; and the five genotypes ‘Maçā Sao Joao’, ‘Malápio Rosa’, ‘Maçā Gaspar’, ‘Maçā Branca’ and ‘Maçā Pato’. In addition, two homonyms were detected. ‘Pêro Vermelho’ from Terra Chā was a separate genotype from a tree from Doze Ribeiras of the same name, but Pêro Branco from Terra Chā appears to be a clone that can be distinguished by an additional allele at CH1F07a from a tree with that name from Salga. One pair of apple clones, ‘Reineta Agosto’ and ‘Reineta Verde’ from Altares appear to be derived from an unreduced gamete of ‘Golden Delicious.’ Another apple genotype ‘Maçā Acida’ could be a sibling of the ‘Maçā Pêra’ clonal group. Other tested standard apples from the US genebank were unrelated to Terceira genotypes. Of the seven heritage pears, five unique genotypes and one pair of synonyms were detected. ‘Pêra Papo Pintassilgo’ from Raminho and ‘Pêra Vermelha’ from the nursery of Serviço de Desenvolvimento Agario da Terceira (SDAT) were synonyms. ‘Passans du Portugal’ was related to ‘Pêra Cabaca’ but other standard pears from the US genebank were unrelated to Terceira genotypes. Future studies will include additional apple and pear cultivars from other Islands of the Azores and continental Portugal, and wild Asian species to further explore genetic relationships.     

Effects of Cinnamon Acid on Respiratory Rate and Its Related Enzymes Activity in Roots of Seedlings of Malus hupehensis Rehd

This paper studied the effects of cinnamon acid treatments on the respiratory rate and related enzymes activity in the seedling roots of Malus hupehensis Rehd.It would provide information for understanding the mechanisms of inhibition damage caused by continuous cultivation of apple tree.20 mL of solution containing different concentrations of cinnamon acid was added into container with the tested seedlings.After treatment,the samples were taken periodically and the respiratory rates were measured by OXY-LAB oxygen electrodes under 25°C stable temperature and then the activities of related enzymes were measured.The rates of total respiration and other 2 pathways [tricarboxylic acid cycle （TCA） and pentose phosphate pathway （PPP）] appeared initially an increasing treads and late （on the 3rd d） began to decline.However,they again appeared an increase trend at the end period,on the contrast,the respiratory rate of embden-meyer- hot-parnas （EMP） pathway appeared a stead decline tread but it had a recover on the last day.The respiratory rate of total and 3 pathways were decreased under 125 mg kg-1 （soil）.The dynamic trends of the enzymes activities of pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase （PFK）,glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase （G-6-PDH） and malate dehydrogenase （MDH） showed similarly.In conclusion,treatments of certain concentration of cinnamon acid would inhibit the respiratory rate and related enzymes activity of roots of M.hupehensis Rehd.And the inhibition degrees were positively related with concentration of cinnamon acid treatments.     

基于叶绿体DNA分析的楸子种质遗传多样性研究

利用4对叶绿体DNA引物扩增49份楸子[Malus prunifolia（Willd.）Borkh.]种质资源的4个叶绿体DNA基因间区trnH-psbA、trnS-trnG spacer + intron、trnT-5′trnL和5′trnL-trnF序列,基于4个叶绿体DNA基因间区的序列变异,从母系遗传的角度评价楸子的遗传多样性水平。结果显示：4个叶绿体DNA基因间区序列经测序、拼接、比对和合并之后的片段长度为3 790 bp,共有173个多态性变异位点,其中包含2个单一突变位点、20个简约信息位点和151个插入/缺失位点。在49份楸子种质中,trnH-psbA、trnS-trnG spacer + intron、trnT-5′trnL和5′trnL-trnF区域的变异位点的数量分别为26个、25个、120个和2个,单倍型数量分别为9个、7个、8个和3个,合并之后的叶绿体DNA片段的单倍型有14个。核苷酸多样性和单倍型多样性最高的区域均为trnH-psbA（Hd = 0.775,Pi = 0.02143）,最低的为5′trnL-trnF（Hd = 0.481,Pi = 0.00072）。49份楸子种质4个叶绿体DNA区域合并后的遗传多样性较高（Hd = 0.854,Pi = 0.00949）。Tajima’s D检验中,4个叶绿体DNA区域在P > 0.10水平上均不显著,楸子的4个叶绿体DNA区域在进化上遵循中性进化模型。楸子的遗传变异主要存在于群体内部,不同居群间基因交流频繁,多数居群间遗传分化较少,与地理距离不完全相关。