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There has been less concern about soil mineralogical alteration than about soil physical, chemical and biological changes induced by termite nest-building activity. Furthermore, much less attention has been paid to free sesquioxides than to phyllosilicate minerals. In the present study, we conducted field morphological observations and selective dissolution analysis to characterize free sesquioxides in termite (Macrotermes bellicosus) mounds as compared with surrounding pedons in different toposequence positions, i.e., seasonally flooded valley bottom, hydromorphic fringe and well-drained upland sites. Distinctive redoximorphic features, such as surface yellowish layers on mound structures from the fringe site, indicate possible alteration of iron sesquioxide forms in the mounds due to the transportation of soil from reductive (aquic subsoil) to oxidative (epigeal mound) environments by the nest-building activity of M. bellicosus. On the other hand, the iron-soluble content in the dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate (DCB) system (Fed) was generally higher in the mound structures than at the adjacent sub-surface (Ap2) horizon at each toposequence position, while there was less difference in the content of acid ammonium oxalate (AAO) extractable iron (Feo) as compared to Fed. As a consequence, the iron activity index (Fed/Feo ratio) was found for the most part to be lower in the mound structures than in the neighboring Ap2 horizon. In addition, the content of Fed, AAO-soluble Al (Alo) and DCB-extractable Al (Ald) was significantly correlated with clay content in these soils. These findings suggest that M. bellicosus preferentially collects clay particles, probably from the clay-rich subsoils, such as the argillic horizon, which has been formed by the co-migration of phyllosilicate minerals and relatively crystalline sesquioxides. The species then likely incorporates them into the mounds, which induces an increase in the Fed content relative to that of Feo, resulting in a decreased iron activity index in the mound structures. 相似文献
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P. R. Atkinson 《Crop Protection》1989,8(6):387-396
Following the banning of DDT and dieldrin, and pending the withdrawal of other organochlorine insecticides in many countries, there is a need to find alternative treatments against termites for the establishment of Eucalyptus forestry plantations. Controlled-release granules (CRG) of carbosulfan, carbofuran and phorate were nearly as effective as chlordane emulsifiable concentrate (0·6 g a.i./tree) in reducing attack on Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden by Macrotermes natalensis Haviland. The optimum application rate of CRG formulations was 1·0 g a.i./tree mixed with the surrounding soil at planting out. Changes in granule size and release rate had no discernable effect on the efficacy of the granules, nor was there any advantage in incorporating part of the dose in the seedling planting medium. Chlorpyrifos CRG was significantly less effective in protecting the trees. There was evidence that under dry soil conditions phorate CRG was ineffective. Of 11 other non-controlled-release insecticides tested, alphamethrin suspension concentrate at 0·1 g a.i./tree was the only non-organochlorine material as effective as the CRG formulations. 相似文献
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Susumu S. Abe Yoshinori Watanabe Taisuke Onishi Takashi Kotegawa Toshiyuki Wakatsuki 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(6):786-795
The role of mounds of the fungus-growing termite Macrotermes bellicosus (Smeathman) in nutrient recycling in a highly weathered and nutrient-depleted tropical red earth (Ultisol) of the Nigerian savanna was examined by measuring stored amounts of selected nutrients and estimating their rates of turnover via the mounds. A study plot (4?ha) with a representative termite population density (1.5?mounds?ha?1) and size (3.7?±?0.4?m in height, 2.4?±?0.2?m in basal diameter) of M. bellicosus mounds was selected. The mounds were found to contain soil mass of 9249?±?2371?kg?ha?1, composed of 7502?±?1934?kg?ha?1 of mound wall and 1747?±?440?kg?ha?1 of nest body. Significant nutrient enrichment, compared to the neighboring topmost soil (Ap1 horizon: 0–16?cm), was observed in the nest body for total nitrogen (N) and exchangeable calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K), and in the mound wall for exchangeable K only. In contrast, available (Bray-1) phosphorus (P) content was found to be lower in both the mound wall and the nest body than in the adjacent topmost soil horizon. Consequently, the mounds formed by M. bellicosus contained 1.71?±?0.62?kg?ha?1 of total N, 0.004?±?0.003?kg?ha?1 of available P, 3.23?±?0.81?kg?ha?1 of exchangeable Ca, 1.11?±?0.22?kg?ha?1 of exchangeable Mg and 0.79?±?0.21?kg?ha?1 of exchangeable K. However, with the exception of exchangeable K (1.2%), these nutrients amounted to less than 0.5% of those found in the topmost soil horizon. The soil nutrient turnover rate via M. bellicosus mounds was indeed limited, being estimated at 1.72?kg?ha?1 for organic carbon (C), 0.15?kg?ha?1 for total N, 0.0004?kg?ha?1 for available P, 0.15?kg?ha?1 for exchangeable Ca, 0.05?kg?ha?1 for exchangeable Mg, and 0.06?kg?ha?1 for exchangeable K per annum. These findings suggest that the mounds of M. bellicosus, while being enriched with some nutrients to create hot spots of soil nutrients in the vicinity of the mounds, are not a significant reservoir of soil nutrients and are therefore of minor importance for nutrient cycling at the ecosystem scale in the tropical savanna. 相似文献
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Susumu S. ABE Sadahiro YAMAMOTO Toshiyuki WAKATSUKI 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2009,55(4):514-522
Termites play a significant role in soil-forming processes of the tropics. The influence of termites on pedogenesis as affected by the toposequence, however, has rarely been explored. We investigated the soil physicochemical and morphological characteristics of epigeal mounds constructed by Macrotermes bellicosus (Smethman) compared with those of surrounding pedons along a toposequence (bottom, fringe and upland sites) of an inland valley in central Nigeria. The physicochemical and morphological properties of the mound soils varied according to structural units but were generally different from those of the adjacent pedons. The differences included finer texture, higher electrical conductivity, total N, exchangeable bases (Ca, Mg and K) and effective cation exchange capacity and lower C/N ratio and exchange acidity in the mound than the pedon at each toposequence position. This tendency to modify the soil properties was more prominent in the nest body where the termites actually live, that is, in the hives, royal cell and base-plate, than in the soils below the nest and the other mound parts, that is, the external wall, internal wall and pillars. We found this trend to a greater or lesser degree at all toposequence positions. Our findings suggest that: (1) M. bellicosus can manipulate the mound soils according to functional applications of structure units or environmental requirements for its livelihood, regardless of local soils; (2) M. bellicosus makes ecological patches (hot spots) at all toposequence positions in the same measure; (3) the influence of M. bellicosus on the pedogenesis is reduced in the lowlands compared with the uplands because the number and volume of the mounds were substantially lower in the bottom and fringe sites compared with the upland site. 相似文献
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Susumu S. Abe 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2016,62(2):127-132
The present study aimed to assess the dynamics of oxyhydroxides via termite mounds in a tropical savannah of Central Nigeria, where the soils often contain oxyhydroxides as a major component of soil minerals. To this end, the quantities of oxyhydroxides stored in mounds built by Macrotermes bellicosus (Smeathman) were compared to those stored in surface (Ap1) soils, and their turnover rates were estimated. Both the mound wall and nest of M. bellicosus were enriched two- to 10-fold with acidified ammonium oxalate soluble iron (Feo) and aluminum (Alo) and dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate (DCB) soluble iron (Fed) and aluminum (Ald) relative to the adjacent surface soil horizon. These oxyhydroxide contents were positively correlated with the clay content (P < 0.05), suggesting that M. bellicosus preferentially used silicate clay-associated oxyhydroxides for mound construction. The Fed, Ald and DCB-soluble manganese (Mnd) preserved in the M. bellicosus mounds ran up to 112 ± 25.6, 5.72 ± 1.41 and 2.17 ± 0.68 kg ha?1, accounting for 1.91 ± 0.23%, 1.00 ± 0.60% and 0.35 ± 0.09% of the total amount stored in the surface soil horizon, respectively. Furthermore, the estimated turnover rates of Fed, Ald and Mnd were 6.6, 0.33 and 0.14 kg ha?1 year?1, respectively. These findings suggest that the mound-building termites significantly impacted the dynamics of free oxyhydroxides in an African savannah soil. 相似文献
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上海局截获的三种白蚁 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
本文叙述了从缅甸的原木中及美国的废纸中截获的三种白蚁,它们分别是暗黄大白蚁Macrotermesgilvus(Hagen),黄球白蚁Globitermessulphureus(Haviland)和北美散白蚁Reticulitermesflavipes(Kolar)。 相似文献
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《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(4):514-522
Abstract Termites play a significant role in soil-forming processes of the tropics. The influence of termites on pedogenesis as affected by the toposequence, however, has rarely been explored. We investigated the soil physicochemical and morphological characteristics of epigeal mounds constructed by Macrotermes bellicosus (Smethman) compared with those of surrounding pedons along a toposequence (bottom, fringe and upland sites) of an inland valley in central Nigeria. The physicochemical and morphological properties of the mound soils varied according to structural units but were generally different from those of the adjacent pedons. The differences included finer texture, higher electrical conductivity, total N, exchangeable bases (Ca, Mg and K) and effective cation exchange capacity and lower C/N ratio and exchange acidity in the mound than the pedon at each toposequence position. This tendency to modify the soil properties was more prominent in the nest body where the termites actually live, that is, in the hives, royal cell and base-plate, than in the soils below the nest and the other mound parts, that is, the external wall, internal wall and pillars. We found this trend to a greater or lesser degree at all toposequence positions. Our findings suggest that: (1) M.?bellicosus can manipulate the mound soils according to functional applications of structure units or environmental requirements for its livelihood, regardless of local soils; (2) M.?bellicosus makes ecological patches (hot spots) at all toposequence positions in the same measure; (3) the influence of M.?bellicosus on the pedogenesis is reduced in the lowlands compared with the uplands because the number and volume of the mounds were substantially lower in the bottom and fringe sites compared with the upland site. 相似文献
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调查黄翅大白蚁Macrotermes barneyLight在30种常见绿化乔木上为害状况,并观察了食性、耐饥力及主要环境因子对取食、行为和存活期限的影响。结果表明,兵蚁耐饥力强于工蚁、各品级之间无相互残食现象。低湿、噪音和震动等对其取食、活动及存活均有明显影响。提出了综合防治措施。 相似文献
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本文报道了黄翅大白蚁地面裸露采食的习性,采食对象依巢群所在环境条件而不同,在板栗园环境中,主要采食板栗的枯落叶、枯枝、带刺总苞、枯草茎、鲜活苔藓及地面上的昆虫茧壳。采食时明确分工,强壮的大工蚁负责啃咬工作,部分大工蚁及小工蚁负责运送食物;小兵蚁在采食点及运送食物的蚁路上负责保卫,大兵蚁则偶尔出现。工蚁啃咬食物一次所需时间因食物的种类、厚度、腐烂程度的不同有长有短。来食枯叶平均在11.08~23.18s/次,枯枝枯草茎平均为29.28~30.285/次,带刺总苞则需325.6s/次。 相似文献
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