安徽省石灰岩风化物发育土壤的特性和系统分类

本文研究了安徽省石灰岩风化物的发育的土壤,根据土壤特性,依照《中国土壤系统分类（修订方案）》探讨８个土壤剖面在土壤系统分类中的归属,其中２个剖面为黑色岩性均腐土土类,１个剖面为钙质润湿淋溶土土类,５个剖面为钙质湿润雏形土土类。     

发生分类淋溶土与系统分类参比特征研究

利用最新建立的中国 1∶10 0万土壤数据库 ,研究了我国发生分类淋溶土与中国土壤系统分类的参比及其在中国土壤系统分类下的空间分布和数量特征。结果表明 ,我国发生分类淋溶土总面积为10 5 975 7.8km2 ,分布规律明显 ;与系统分类参比 ,发生分类淋溶土分属于中国土壤系统分类 4个土纲 ,即淋溶土、雏形土、新成土和灰土 ,它们分别占发生分类淋溶土总面积的 72 .8%、2 6 .1%、1.0 %、0 .1% ,其中包含系统分类的 2 5个土类和 4 7个亚类 ,参比关系复杂 ,不是简单的一对一的关系。分析发生分类某一类型土壤分属于系统分类不同类型的面积比例及其标准偏差 ,结果表明土壤参比的单元级别越低 ,越易于参比和把握。为了使中国土壤系统分类更实用、更易于普及 ,深入开展土壤基层分类研究 ,进一步发展和完善中国土壤系统分类是必要的 ,也是十分迫切的。研究结果对于土壤类型的正确参比、中国土壤系统分类的应用与发展 ,具有很好的参考应用价值     

Condition of Quercus robur L. along a natural Luvisol microtoposequence on loess in Central Belgium

Abstract. This research aims to assess how the variability in soil morphology of Luvisols along a microtopographic sequence influences the condition of pedunculate oak ( Quercus robur ). The condition of 205 pedunculate oaks was observed during one growth season and related to morphological soil properties. Results show that the presence of a consolidated argillic B horizon or fragipan in Luvisols, has a negative influence on the condition of Q.robur .     

太白山北坡基带土壤发生特性及系统分类

根据野外调查资料和典型土壤剖面理化性质室内化验数据综合分析表明，太白山北坡基带土壤腐殖质累积较弱，淋溶作用中等，土壤溶液呈中性反应，阳离子代换能力强，盐基饱和度高；剖面分化发育好，形成具有典型硅铝特性的粘化Ｂ层，铁的游离度低而活化度高，土壤风化弱，发育程度较低。基带土壤属于系统分类中的简育干润淋溶土土类、普通简育干润淋溶土亚类。     

Piping and erodibility of loessic soils in Bergisches Land,Nordrhein‐Westfalen

In soils derived from loess on a range land site in the Rhenish Slate Mountains pipes were found at 120—190 cm depth above denser solifluction material. The pipes were 5—30 cm wide and 15—30 cm high. Various soil physical and chemical properties were determined and checked for their suitability as piping indicators. Silt contents reached 808 g kg^—1 in the piped soil sections where bulk densities were low to medium in comparison with clay rich and denser horizons beneath. Aggregate stabilities indicated by dispersion features, percolation rates, and dispersion ratios were suitable parameters to indicate piping vulnerability. Organic carbon contents tended to be low in the piped horizons, but there was no relationship between base saturation, ESP or EC values, and piping in the investigated soils.     

南方山地丘陵土壤的黏化作用及黏化层的鉴定问题讨论

国内外文献中有关土壤黏化作用可分为淀积黏化、残积黏化和次生黏化等3种,但淋溶土鉴定的诊断层——黏化层的形成只涉及淀积黏化作用和次生黏化作用2种。中国南方山地丘陵地区土壤脱硅富铁铝化明显、土壤铝饱和度高、黏粒矿物中有较多的1:1型矿物,多数情况下难以发生淀积黏化作用。而次生黏化作用一般发生在温带地区,其气候条件主要为半干润。因此,除一些石灰性母质发育的土壤外,南方山地丘陵地区一般不具备淋溶土形成的成土环境。而该区某些土壤上下层质地的差异常常是漫长历史时期表蚀的结果,把这类上下质地差异的土壤划归为淋溶土不符合土壤发生分类原则。建议在《中国土壤系统分类检索》的黏化层定义中参照美国土壤分类系统中黏化层的定义,把盐基饱和（即盐基饱和度大于50%）作为鉴定黏化层的一个指标,避免在土壤调查中夸大南方山地丘陵地区淋溶土的出现范围,以解决南方山地淋溶土与雏形土鉴定上的不确定性问题。     

Structure of the nematofauna in Spanish Mediterranean continental soils

We studied the nematofauna in cultivated Euvisols in the Spanish Central Region in terms of multivariate statistical relationships between nematode groups and environmental variables (habitat, hosts, soil lexture, and quantitative edaphic variables). Three large nematode associations were recognized, one group being characteristic of the region's rotational crops (Pratylenchus, Ditylenchus, Helicotylenchus, Tylenchorhynchus, Rotylenchus, other Dorylaimidae,Plectus, andTylenchus), a second group related to cereal monoculture and wild gramineae associated with bush formations (Heterodera, Criconemoides, Discolaimus, and other Rhabditidae), and a third group characteristic of uncultivated soils (Paratylenchus, Xiphinema, Hemicycliophora, Mononchus, Tripyla, andAlaimus).Paratylenchus andTylenchus species were shown to have an indicator value for certain edaphic properties, especially soil texture, and may be regulated by the clay content of the soil.     

Influence of iron pyrites and dicyandiamide on nitrification and ammonia volatilization from urea applied to loess brown earths (luvisols)

Laboratory incubation study showed that iron pyrites retarded nitrification of urea-derived ammonium (NH₄ ⁺), the effect being greatest at the highest level (10000 mg kg^–1 soil). Nitrification inhibition with 10000 mg pyrite kg^–1 soil, at the end of 30 days, was 40.3% compared to 55.9% for dicyandiamide (DCD). The inhibitory effect with lower rates of pyrite (100–500 mg kg^–1) lasted only up to 9 days. Urea+pyrite treatment was also found to have higher exchangeable NH₄ ⁺-N compared to urea alone. DCD-amended soils had the highest NH₄ ⁺-N content throughout. Pyrite-treated soils had about 7–86% lower ammonia volatilization losses than urea alone. Total NH₃ loss was the most with urea+DCD (7.9% of applied N), about 9% more than with urea alone. Received: 11 November 1995     

Micromorphology and Late Glacial/Holocene genesis of Luvisols in Mecklenburg–Vorpommern (NE-Germany)

In the German soil science literature, Luvisols formed in Weichselian sediments (except from the Early Weichselian) are normally regarded as purely Holocene soils with the main period of development assumed to have been during the Atlantic phase. Although debated at some length since the 1960s, the genesis of the widespread albic Luvisols, with a simplified Ap/Bw/(Eb)/(EBtb)/Btb(g)/C horizon sequence and developed on the flat and slightly undulating till plains of the north German Mecklenburgian Stage (deglaciation 14 000 BP), has yet to be clarified. Periglacial climate during the Late Weichselian led to the formation of sand-filled wedge-shaped structures penetrating Bt horizons. Systematic micromorphologic investigations of soil profiles with sand wedges revealed the occurrence of numerous fragments of rounded limpid clay coatings within periglacial formed lenticular microplates as well as in and at the margins of the sand wedge infillings. Assuming the Younger Dryas as the latest possible phase of formation, the lenticular microplates and the undisturbed sand wedges postdate clay illuviation. Undisrupted clay coatings next to fragmented clay coatings prove a subsequent Holocene clay illuviation. Clay illuviation must have occurred at least in warmer phases of the Late Glacial, together with the already accepted pedogenic processes of decalcification, organic matter accumulation (Ahb horizons), podzolisation and silicate weathering (Bwb horizons) on sites not influenced by groundwater.     

Long-term charcoal-induced changes to soil properties in temperate regions of northern Iran

The long-term performance and benefits of charcoal application on the carbon sequestration and properties of forest soils in temperate or non-tropical regions has not been studied in detail in spite of its important role in global warming. This study was conducted to describe the long-term charcoal-induced changes in organic carbon (OC) content and other soil properties of temperate deciduous forests in Mazandaran province, northern Iran. Three sites were sampled to collect composite soil samples from two depths (0–20 and 20–40 cm) inside and outside of a plot of charcoal-enriched soils surrounding a historical charcoal production site (abandoned for more than 120 years). The presence of charcoal in soils for about 120 years elevated significantly the black carbon, total OC, natural soil OC, total nitrogen, dissolved organic matter, soil OC density, exchangeable bases, saturated hydraulic conductivity, available water capacity and available Fe, Mn and Zn compared to the adjacent reference soils. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) and pH were 15.5 cmolc kg^-1 and 0.5 units, respectively, higher than the adjacent reference soils at 0–20 cm soil depth. However, electrical conductivity (EC), bulk density and available Cu were higher in the adjacent reference soil. The aged charcoal had no significant effect on the microbial respiration rate of studied soils. The results of this study provide new insights and strong support for the long-term benefits of biochar application as a management strategy for improving soil productivity as well as sequestering large quantities of durable carbon in soils of the region and mitigating global warming.