Oxygen isotope ratios of plant available phosphate in lowland tropical forest soils

Phosphorus (P) cycles rapidly in lowland tropical forest soils, but the process have been proven difficult to quantify. Recently it was demonstrated that valuable data on soil P transformations can be derived from the natural abundance of stable oxygen isotopes in phosphate (δ¹⁸O_P). Here, we measured the δ¹⁸O_P of soils that had received long-term nutrient additions (P, nitrogen, and potassium) or litter manipulations in lowland tropical forest in Panama and performed controlled incubations of fresh soils amended with a single pulse of P. To detect whether δ¹⁸O_P values measured in the incubations apply also for soils in the field, we examined the δ¹⁸O_P values after rewetting dry soils. In the incubations, resin-P δ¹⁸O_P values converged to ∼3.5‰ above the expected isotopic equilibrium with soil water. This contrasts with extra-tropical soils in which the δ¹⁸O_P of resin-P matches the expected equilibrium with soil water. Identical above-equilibrium resin-P δ¹⁸O_P values were also found in field soils that did not receive P additions or extra litter. We suggest that the 3.5‰ above-equilibrium δ¹⁸O_P values reflect a steady state between microbial uptake of phosphate (which enriches the remaining phosphate with the heavier isotopologues) and the release of isotopically equilibrated cell internal phosphate back to the soil. We also found that soil nutrient status affected the microbial turnover rate because in soils that had received chronic P addition, the original δ¹⁸O_P signature of the fertilizer was preserved for at least eight weeks, indicating that the off-equilibrium δ¹⁸O_P values produced during microbial phosphate turnover was not imprinted in these soils. Overall, our results demonstrate that ongoing microbial turnover of phosphate mediates its biological availability in lowland tropical soils.     

黄河下游滩地杨树人工林土壤微生物分析

对山东省济南市长清区黄河下游滩地杨树人工林林地土壤微生物数量及分布特征进行了分析,结果表明:滩地杨树人工林土壤微生物主要分布在0～20cm的土层,20～50cm土层的微生物较少;各林地土壤微生物数量明显高于新淤地微生物数量;细菌是滩地杨树人工林林地土壤微生物的主要组成成分,在上、下层土壤中所占比例分别为81.7%～99.1%和75.1%～98.8%;土壤微生物数量随林龄的增长呈现高—低—高的变化趋势,但至林木主伐前,固氮菌和纤维素分解菌数量有所降低;不同管理模式影响微生物的数量,集约经营管理的林分土壤微生物数量较多;滩地杨树人工林土壤微生物数量与土壤颗粒组成密切相关。     

Plot-scale manipulations of organic matter inputs to soils correlate with shifts in microbial community composition in a lowland tropical rain forest

Little is known about the organisms responsible for decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems, or how variations in their relative abundance may influence soil carbon (C) cycling. Here, we altered organic matter in situ by manipulating both litter and throughfall inputs to tropical rain forest soils, and then used qPCR and error-corrected bar-coded pyrosequencing to investigate how the resulting changes in soil chemical properties affected microbial community structure. The plot-scale manipulations drove significant changes in microbial community composition: Acidobacteria were present in greater relative abundance in litter removal plots than in double-litter plots, while Alphaproteobacteria were found in higher relative abundance in double-litter and throughfall reduction plots than in control or litter removal plots. In addition, the bacterial:archaeal ratio was higher in double-litter than no-litter plots. The relative abundances of Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria were positively correlated with microbial biomass C and nitrogen (N), and soil N and C pools, while acidobacterial relative abundance was negatively correlated with these same factors. Bacterial:archaeal ratios were positively correlated with soil moisture, total soil C and N, extractable ammonium pools, and soil C:N ratios. Additionally, bacterial:archaeal ratios were positively related to the relative abundance of Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Actinobacteria, and negatively correlated to the relative abundance of Nitrospira and Acidobacteria. Together, our results support the copiotrophic/oligotrophic model of soil heterotrophic microbes suggested by Fierer et al. (2007).     

不同水分处理对水稻和旱稻产量及产量构成因子的影响

[目的]研究不同水分处理对水稻和旱稻产量及产量构成因子的影响。[方法]以宁粳16号和旱稻297为试验材料,进行淹水、干湿交替和旱作灌溉处理,观察水稻和旱稻的生长动态变化,研究不同水分处理对其理论产量、实际产量、穗长、穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、结实率、经济系数等的影响。[结果]与淹水灌溉相比,旱作灌溉使水稻和旱稻分蘖期后移,生育期推迟,生长发育缓慢,株高降低,产量降低,穗长变短,穗数不足,穗粒数下降,千粒重降低,结实率下降,经济系数提高;旱稻与水稻相比,旱作灌溉处理对旱稻的影响较小。[结论]该研究结果为水稻抗旱节水栽培提供了参考。     

Soil microbial biomass and nitrogen supply in an irrigated lowland rice soil as affected by crop rotation and residue management

 Processes that govern the soil nitrogen (N) supply in irrigated lowland rice systems are poorly understood. The objectives of this paper were to investigate the effects of crop rotation and management on soil N dynamics, microbial biomass C (C_BIO) and microbial biomass N (N_BIO) in relation to rice N uptake and yield. A maize-rice (M-R) rotation was compared with a rice-rice (R-R) double-cropping system over a 2-year period with four cropping seasons. In the M-R system, maize (Zea mays L.) was grown in aerated soil during the dry season (DS) followed by rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown in flooded soil during the wet season (WS). In the R-R system, rice was grown in flooded soil in both the DS and WS. Three fertilizer N rates (0, 50 or 100 kg urea-N ha^–1 in WS) were assigned to subplots within the cropping system main plots. Early versus late crop residue incorporation following DS maize or rice were established as additional treatments in sub-subplots in the second year. In the R-R system, the time of residue incorporation had a large effect on NO₃ ^–-N accumulation during the fallow period and also on extractable NH₄ ⁺-N, rice N uptake and yield in the subsequent cropping period. In contrast, time of residue incorporation had little influence on extractable N in both the fallow and rice-cropping periods of the M-R system, and no detectable effects on rice N uptake or yield. In both cropping systems, C_BIO and N_BIO were not sensitive to residue incorporation despite differences of 2- to 3-fold increase in the amount of incorporated residue C and N, and were relatively insensitive to N fertilizer application. Extractable organic N was consistently greater after mid-tillering in M-R compared to the R-R system across N rate and residue incorporation treatments, and much of this organic N was α-amino N. We conclude that N mineralization-immobilization dynamics in lowland rice systems are sensitive to soil aeration as influenced by residue management in the fallow period and crop rotation, and that these factors have agronomically significant effects on rice N uptake and yield. Microbial biomass measurements, however, were a poor indicator of these dynamics. Received: 31 October 1997     

海河低平原深松播种对夏玉米根系生理的影响及其节水增产效应

于2012—2013年在河北省农林科学院旱作农业研究所深州试验站,以郑单958为供试品种,设置夏玉米深松播种和免耕播种两个处理,从玉米出苗开始,根据生育进程定期观察玉米根系形态、生理指标及微观结构、玉米冠层光合特性和叶面积指数,成熟期测定产量,计算水分利用效率和2 m土体水分储蓄情况。结果表明,0~60 cm土层,深松播种处理可提高玉米根系干物质积累、表面积、根长和活跃吸收面积比例,全生育期分别比免耕播种处理提高30.5%、24.6%、29.7%和56.3%。0~60 cm土层,深松播种处理玉米根系脯氨酸含量、硝酸还原酶活性和根系活力分别比免耕处理高140.0%、37.0%和36.5%。全生育期,深松播种处理根系伤流液总量比免耕播种处理提高15.2%。0~40cm土层,深松播种处理单根和整株根系导水率分别提高15.8%和17.0%。0~40 cm土层,深松播种处理玉米根系中柱导管直径增大,中柱鞘细胞壁及中柱内薄壁细胞的细胞壁增厚栓化,髓细胞数量增多但整体在髓腔横切面积中所占比例偏小,后生木质部导管直径增大、数量增多,皮层厚度降低;0~20 cm土层,深松播种处理根系皮层中部细胞虽也较大但层数较少,相当于免耕处理的86.2%。深松播种处理可提高玉米叶面积指数,全生育期平均比免耕处理高12.5%;深松播种处理还可提高叶片光合速率和光合势。深松播种处理玉米籽粒灌浆速率全生育期平均比免耕播种处理高5.0%。与免耕处理相比,深松播种处理2年平均穗粒数、千粒重和产量分别比免耕播种处理提高2.4%、3.9%和8.2%,耗水量降低9.1%,产量和水分利用效率分别比免耕处理高8.2%和14.4%,2 m土体贮水量提高31.7%。     

水稻品种对水稻细菌性条斑病抗性鉴定和抗性机制的研究

在室内选用致病力强的水稻细菌性条斑病菌株S_2对550个水稻品种进行了三次苗期的抗性鉴定,供试品种对细菌性条斑病的抗性存在明显的差异。抗性机制初步研究结果,发现供试抗病品种健叶内过氧化物酶活性、酚类化合物和可溶性糖含量均高于感病品种,而感病品种的游离氨基酸含量却高于抗病品种:接种后3天和6天测定抗病品种的酚类化合物和可溶性糖含量下降,感病品种却有所上升;无论抗、感病品种其过氧化物酶活性均上升;感病品种的游离氨基酸下降,而抗病品种到后期才稍有下降。高抗品种杜勒的气孔孔隙比其它所有供试品种都小,但各品种的叶片气孔密度与抗性无明显关系。     

冠菌素对旱稻和水稻种子萌发的生理效应

以旱稻297和水稻越富种子为材料,用冠菌素浸种处理,研究冠菌素对旱稻和水稻种子萌发及幼芽某些生理特征的影响。结果表明,冠菌素对旱稻和水稻种子萌发及幼芽生长具有双重性效应,低浓度的冠菌素(10-8mol/L)可促进旱稻种子萌发和初生根及芽的生长,提高幼芽含水量、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量,而高浓度的冠菌素(≥10-5mol/L)则明显抑制二者种子的萌发及幼芽的生长,旱稻和水稻对一定浓度冠菌素处理的反应效果有差异;冠菌素促进或抑制种子萌发可能与α-淀粉酶活性有关。     

Grassland nature reserves for breeding wading birds in England and the implications for the ESA agri-environment scheme

The two principal mechanisms available to conserve breeding wading birds on lowland wet grassland in England are nature reserves and agri-environment schemes, particularly the Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA) scheme. ESAs offer payments to landowners in return for maintaining (‘low tiers’) or enhancing (‘high tiers’) the landscape, biodiversity and historic value of the land. Lowland wet grassland nature reserves managed by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) have been successful at conserving breeding lapwings and redshank but habitat management usually only results in short-term increases in numbers of breeding snipe. Within ESAs, populations of breeding wading birds fare better on land managed under high tiers than on land managed under low tiers. Land managed under high tiers also supports more pairs of breeding wading birds per £ of ESA grant received than land managed under low tiers. Means of increasing the cost-effectiveness of the ESA scheme in conserving breeding wading birds are discussed in the light of these results.     

Nitrogen mineralization, nitrification and denitrification potential in contrasting lowland rain forest types in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

Nitrogen mineralization and denitrification potential in litter were measured during a dry and a wet period in a Bornean Lowland Evergreen Rain Forest (LERF) and two nearby Heath Forests (HF) of contrasting stature. Nitrification was very low or non-existent in all forest types and ammonification was the major constituent of nitrogen (N) mineralization. Rates of net N mineralization in the HFs on infertile sandy soils were lower than in the LERF on a more nutrient-rich clay soil or other LERFs, both during dry and wet conditions. We attribute the differences to the lower litter quality in the HFs compared to LERF. When dissolved organic nitrogen (DON-N) was included, N uptake was the same (15-17 μg g⁻¹ d⁻¹) in all three forest types. We conclude that N availability is the same in all three forest types and that N deficiency is not the reason for the reduced stature of Heath Forests compared to LERF. All three-forest types had denitrifiers present in the ectorganic layers but denitrification will only play a minor role in the N-cycle as nitrification rates were very low.