高温闷棚技术在大棚辣椒连作生产上的应用

为研究大棚辣椒土传病害绿色防控技术,选择不同的高温闷棚杀菌方法,以本地传统的高温炕地杀菌方法为对照,调查不同处理对地温和土壤pH值的影响,调查不同处理大棚辣椒的根结线虫、疫病、枯萎病、青枯病和根腐病的发生为害情况,测量大棚辣椒产量。结果表明,应用石灰氮、覆盖地膜和大棚膜进行高温闷棚对大棚辣椒土传病害有较好的防治效果。     

南方酸化红壤钾素淋溶对施石灰的响应

为探究石灰施用的长期和短期效应对酸化红壤钾素的影响,依托始于1990年的国家红壤肥力与肥料效益监测长期定位试验,选取化肥氮磷配施(NP)、氮磷钾配施(NPK)、氮磷钾配施+半量秸秆还田(NPKS)及其增加常量石灰（NPL、NPKL、NPKSL）6个处理。室内土柱淋溶试验设置0 L、0.5 L、1 L和1.5 L石灰施用量,监测田间和淋溶后0 ~ 50 cm土层速效钾和缓效钾含量、pH及淋溶液中钾离子（K⁺）含量的变化。结果表明：1）施用石灰4年后,与NPKS、NPK、NP相比,各处理均增加了相应土层的缓效钾含量;NPKSL和NPL处理分别增加了0 ~ 40 cm和0~10 cm速效钾含量,增幅分别为2.06 % ~ 36.39 %和27.26 %。2）石灰施用量相同,各处理土壤累积K⁺淋溶量由大到小依次为NPKS处理、NPK处理和NP处理。施用石灰减少了NPKS和NPK处理淋溶液中累积K⁺含量,降幅为18.10 % ~ 57.70 %,且K⁺淋溶率也下降。3）施石灰提高了表层土壤pH;土壤中钾素盈余情况下,石灰当季施用量每增加1 000 kg·hm^-2,K⁺淋溶损失率降低11.7%;施用石灰和施肥是显著影响平均淋溶K⁺量和K⁺累积淋溶量的主效应。可见,施用石灰的短期和长期效应均能提高表层土壤pH;减少速效钾在剖面的运移,增加剖面下层缓效钾的含量;土壤淋溶K⁺量、累积K⁺淋溶量和K⁺淋溶率均随土壤中速效钾含量的增加而增加,随施用石灰而降低。合理的石灰用量能够有效降低酸化红壤K⁺淋溶损失风险。     

石灰和有效微生物群处理条件下土壤动物群落多样性研究

采用石灰和有效微生物群(Effective Microoganisms,EM)处理改善了大兴安岭森林生态系统土壤微酸性环境和较低的微生物活性特征,于2003~2005年采用网袋分解法,揭示土壤动物群落多样性特征,为土壤动物生态地理研究和森林生态系统管理提供科学依据。研究表明,分解袋内土壤动物多样性对石灰和EM处理的响应表现出以下特征:(1)处理样地土壤动物个体数增加但类群数减少,其中螨类和弹尾类增加明显。(2)石灰和EM处理降低了土壤动物群落的多样性,对应分析表明石灰样地与其他样地有所差异。(3)各样地不同网孔分解袋中土壤动物类群数表现为大孔>中孔>小孔,而个体数基本上为中孔>大孔>小孔,是由于网袋内中小型土壤动物占优势而大型土壤动物数量较少引起的。(4)土壤动物类群数、个体数和多样性指数在针叶和阔叶网袋中响应特征不同,但彼此间没有显著差异。     

调节茶园土壤pH对其土著微生物区系及生理群的影响

茶园酸性土壤按其重量1.4%的比例施用石灰,能使土壤pH值从4.1提高到6.88;土壤中细菌和放线菌数量能提高近百倍,适于酸性环境的真菌数量略低于不施用石灰的对照组;酸性土壤经pH调节后,土壤pH值在前45天呈缓慢下降趋势,随后有所升高;细菌各类生理群数量在pH调节后前期呈快速上升变化,经过20～30天稳定期后,开始下降;调节茶园酸性土壤的pH是提高茶园土壤土著微生物数量和活性的最好方法。     

环模制粒机中环模结构型孔的有限元分析

苜蓿草粉对环模系统的磨损是造成饲料制粒机关键部件环模失效的主要原因.本研究应用Pro/E及ANSYS软件完成三种类型环模型孔的建模及有限元静力分析.得到了三种类型环模型孔沿轴向路径的应力与变形分布,找到了环模孔倒角与环模孔轴向路径的应力与变形的影响关系,60°倒角环模孔结构好,为环模进行结构优化提供了依据.     

不同灌水方式对砂姜黑土小麦中后期生长及产量的影响

在人工防雨篷下研究了前期不同灌水处理对砂姜黑土小麦中后期生长、光合生理及产量的影响,以期为该区小麦增产和水分高效利用提供科学依据和理论帮助。结果表明,灌1水条件下小麦叶片长宽和单茎干物重随灌水日期的推迟呈先增加后下降的趋势,并以生育前期水分充足处理CK最高,W5100d(出苗后100 d灌水)处理次之,且总灌水量一致下小麦生育前期灌1水和灌2水效果间的差异不显著。生育前期适当推迟灌水日期有利于增加小麦生育中后期的叶面积指数和叶绿素含量,且灌浆中期W5100d处理的叶面积指数和叶绿素含量高于CK。小麦生育前期适当推迟灌水日期亦有利于降低植株蒸腾速率改善小麦光合特性,其中W5100d处理的光合速率比对照CK增加了11.4%。W5100d与CK处理的产量差异不显著,分别为6 955.40,7 102.67 kg/hm2,但两者产量明显高于其他灌水处理。相关分析表明,小麦叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率与单茎干物重和产量间皆呈直线显著正相关关系。研究得出,小麦生育前期适当延长灌水日期有利于改善小麦中后期生长发育、光合特性及产量,且总灌水量一致下灌水次数效果间的差异不显著。     

In situ net N transformations in pine,fir, and oak stands of different ages on acid sandy soil, 3 years after liming

Summary The effect of liming on in-situ N transformations was studied in two stands of different ages of each of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco], and common oak (Quercus robur L.). The stands were located on acid sandy soils in an area with high atmospheric N input. The organic matter of the upper 10-cm layer of the soil, including the forest floor, had a relatively high N content (C: N ratio <25) in all stands. Using a sequential core technique, N transformations were measured in both control plots and plots that had been limed 3 years previously with 3 t ha^-1 of dolomitic lime. Limed plots had a higher net NO _inf3 ^sup- production and a higher potential for NO _inf3 ^sup- leaching than the controls in all stands except that of the younger oak. Net N mineralization did not differ significantly between limed and control plots in oak stands and younger coniferous stands but was significantly lower in the limed plots of the older coniferous stands. It is concluded that long-term measurements of net N mineralization in limed forest soils are needed to evaluate the effect of liming with respect to the risk of groundwater pollution.     

Influence of compost and lime on population structure and element concentrations of forest soil invertebrates

Summary We tested the effects of two organic fertilizers (composts) and lime on the soil fauna of a spruce stand. One compost was obtained from chopped wood and the other from household garbage. At the time of distribution the pH of the control plots averaged 3.2, the garbage compost had a pH of 7.5, and the wood compost of 6.2. During the experimental period the pH of the compost layers decreased. The pH of the former litter layer beneath the composts showed a steep increase after 5 months, but beneath the treatment with wood compost this effect did no persist. Liming increased the pH only slightly in the litter layer. The two types of compost, the litter layer, and lumbricids (Lumbricus rubellus) were analyzed for concentrations of essential and potentially toxic elements. The element burden was highest in the garbage compost with 7- to 11-fold concentrations of Zn, Cd, Pb, Mg, and Cu compared to the needle litter. K, Ba, and Ca were 4 times more concentrated. L. rubellus showed an increased Cu concentration after extraction from the highly contaminated sites of garbage compost. Despite the differences in Pb contamination in the needle litter and in the two compost types, all investigated individuals of L. rubellus contained similar concentrations of Pb. In contrast to Pb, Cd accumulated in this lumbricid. Seasonal fluctuations of microarthropods, their total abundance, and differences in the colonization of the compost layers were observed. Collembola abundance was significantly increased in the garbage compost plots in July 91. There were generally more Prostigmata in the control and limed plots than in the compost plots. Oribatid numbers fell under all treatments compared to the controls. Mesostigmata were identified to species level and 33 species were found in the experimental areas. Certain species, such as Arctoseius cetratus and Uropoda minima, were only found in the treated sites.     

不同氮肥及肥料组合对芹菜生长和硝酸盐含量的影响

通过田间试验研究了氮肥品种组合及不同肥料配施对芹菜生长和硝酸盐含量的影响.结果表明氮肥中的氯化铵、硫酸铵及其配合施用有利于降低芹菜体内硝酸盐含量,减少土壤NO3--N积累;肥料组合正交试验结果表明几种肥料对芹菜产量影响的主次关系为尿素＞硫酸钾＞石灰＞油枯,对芹菜硝酸盐积累影响的主次关系为尿素＞油枯＞硫酸钾＞石灰.施用油枯和石灰,芹菜硝酸盐显著积累,但其用量水平间差异不显著.随着尿素施用量的增加,芹菜硝酸盐含量大幅度增加.钾肥能提高芹菜的产量并降低硝酸盐含量.统计分析表明油枯1125 kg/hm2,尿素495 kg/hm2,硫酸钾600 kg/hm2,石灰0 kg/hm2的配合施用在促进芹菜高产方面最为适宜.