铁锰结核的元素组成及微形态特征

本文研究了钙质变性土中铁锰结核的矿质全量组成、微量元素丰度，微形态特征以及土壤和铁锰结核中各形态铁锰氧化物的组成特点，结果表明，铁锰结核中仍以ＳｉＯ２含量最高，但Ｆｅ２Ｏ３含量增加超过了Ａｌ２Ｏ３、ＭｎＯ含量大大超过了Ｋ２Ｏ、Ｎａ２Ｏ、ＴｉＯ２和ＭｇＯ的含量，所测定的９种微量元素中以Ｂａ含量最高，其次是Ｖ、Ｎｉ、Ｃｏ３种铁族元素，Ｃｕ和Ｐｂ含量也较高，但Ｚｎ和Ｃｒ含量较低，一般黑土层中的结核较小，     

古土壤定量重建古气候研究现状

从古土壤中碳酸钙淀积深度、钙结核中氧同位素组成、磁化率、全铁、地球化学元素等替代性指标方面回顾了国内外对古气候定量化研究的现状,并对研究中存在的一些问题进行了讨论。     

Isolation and characterization of mineral phosphate-solubilizing bacteria naturally colonizing a limonitic crust in the south-eastern Venezuelan region

With the aim to explore the possible role of mineral phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) in phosphorus (P) cycling in iron-rich, acidic soils, we conducted a survey of PSB naturally colonizing a limonitic crust in the south-east region of Venezuela (Bolívar State). A total of 130 heterotrophic bacterial isolates showing different degrees of mineral tri-calcium phosphate (Ca₃(PO₄)₂)-solubilizing activities were isolated from NBRIP plates. In contrast, no isolates showing iron phosphate (FePO₄)- or aluminum phosphate (AlPO₄)-solubilizing activities were detected by this experimental approach. The 10 best Ca₃(PO₄)₂-solubilizers were selected for further characterization. These isolates were shown to belong to the genera Burkholderia, Serratia, Ralstonia and Pantoea by partial sequencing analysis of their respective 16S rRNA genes. All the PSB isolates were able to mediate almost complete solubilization of Ca₃(PO₄)₂ in liquid cultures; in contrast, the PSB isolates were less effective when solubilizing FePO₄. Two groups of PSB isolates were clearly differentiated on the basis of their Ca₃(PO₄)₂ solubilization kinetics. Acidification of culture supernatants seemed to be the main mechanism for P solubilization. Indeed, gluconic acid was shown to be present in the supernatant of five isolates. Furthermore, detection of genes involved in the production of this organic acid was possible in three isolates by means of a PCR protocol.     

Characterization of iron oxides in Fe-rich concretions from an imperfectly-drained Greek soil: a study by selective-dissolution techniques and X-ray diffraction

Fe-rich concretions commonly occur in Greek soils with alternating drying and waterlogging periods. This study was conducted to characterize the iron oxides in Fe-rich concretions from the upper solum of an Alfisol with seasonal perched water table by the combination of selective dissolution and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The results showed that more than 75% of the total iron (Fet) was associated with the crystalline and the amorphous Fe oxides, indicating a strong accumulation of free iron oxides (Fed) in concretions. Amorphous iron compounds (Feo) was present at high concentrations and fluctuated with profile depth. The active Fe ratio (Feo/Fed) values that ranged from 0.35 to 0.41 reflected an association of poorly crystalline goethite with some ferrihydrite. The XRD data showed that the Fe-rich concretions consisted of quartz, feldspars, illite and gypsum. The mineralogy of iron oxides in concretions was determined by comparison of XRD patterns for dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate (DCB) treated (deferrated) and untreated (non-deferrated) samples. Poorly crystalline goethite as demonstrated by broad lines in the diffraction patterns and ferrihydrite were the iron oxides detected in the concretions. This mineral assemblage appears to be related to the pedoenvironmental conditions in which the concretions were formed and indicates that the mechanisms governing the formation of crystalline Fe oxides from ferrihydrite are retarded by the presence of crystallization inhibitors.     

New geochemical modules for characterizing fixation of heavy metals and metalloids in soils

It is suggested to characterize concretions in contaminated soils by geochemical modules based on the affinity of heavy metals and metalloids with carrier phases, which is indicated by significant positive correlation coefficients between them. The modules include molar ratios Cu: Fe, Ni: Fe, As: Fe, P: Fe, and Pb: Mn, with increase of which the strength of fixation of the trace element by the corresponding carrier phase decreases.     

Study of salinity and waterlogging in Uttar Pradesh (India) using remote sensing data

Salinization/alkalization and waterlogging have rendered a sizeable area of India's arable lands unproductive. These highly dynamic phenomena can be studied using remote sensing data collected at regular intervals. Landsat Multi-spectral Scanner data of 28 February 1975 and 9 March 1990 were interpreted visually to derive information about the spatial extent and distribution of salt-affected soils. A significant decrease in the area of salt-affected soils was noted over this period, which can be attributed to reclamation efforts by government agencies and farmers. On a large scale, i.e. 1:50000, the waterlogged area could also be mapped using a Landsat Thematic Mapper false-colour composite print.     

造纸黑液固化物有机NPK复合肥对棉花的效应研究

通过对棉花施用造纸黑液固化物有机NPK复合肥的效果研究表明，棉田施用造纸黑液固化物有机NPK复合肥确有较好的肥效，其籽棉和皮棉产量达4749．15kg/hm2和2063.55kg/hm2，相当于施大壮1（仅减产5．78－3．97％），且较施大壮2增幅达17．43％－18．61％，施用于棉花上的效应主要表现在前期植株生长较旺盛，第一果枝着生节位较低，果枝数，总果节数也有增加，因此，有利于多结状前挑，棉花早发，其“三桃”比例更为合理，从而实现了棉花中期稳长多结，后期不早衰，造纸黑液固化物有机NPK复合肥对棉花品质无明显影响。     

Estimation of Phosphorus Status of Soil Fe‐Enriched Concretions with the Acid Ammonium Oxalate Method

Abstract

Iron (Fe)‐enriched concretions, a complex natural matrix with high chemical heterogeneity and phosphate‐sorption capacity, is widespread in soils with restrictive drainage in Greece. However, the phosphorus (P) status and related characteristics of Fe‐enriched concretions in agricultural soils in areas where P fertilization is mainly inorganic are relatively unknown. Active noncrystalline Fe and aluminum (Al) oxides (Feox, Alox), oxalate extractable P (Pox), P sorption capacity (PSC), and the degree of P saturation (DPS) of Fe‐enriched concretions from agricultural imperfectly drained soils in central Greece were determined using the acid ammonium oxalate method. The concretions contain 13 times as much Feox, twice as much Alox, and almost 15 times as much Pox than the surrounding soil matrix. Pox accounted for 50–80% of total P of the soil concretions, indicating strong accumulation of noncrystalline P components (Al‐ and Fe‐P). The PSC, expressed as a 0.5 (Alox+Feox), ranged from 184.7 to 314 mmol kg^?1, demonstrating the strong affinity of the Fe‐enriched concretions for P. The DPS, which represents the fraction of concretion sorbent surface coverage by P, was computed as 100 (Pox/PSC) with values ranging from 6 to 13% (mean=8%). The results of this study indicate that the Fe‐enriched concretions, due to their high noncrystalline Fe and Al oxides content, act as major sink of phosphate, controlling the location, mobility, and dynamics of P in agricultural soils with restrictive drainage.     

土壤中铁锰结核微结构与组分研究进展

铁锰结核是土壤演化过程中形成的一种特殊新生体,其内部同心圆环带构造可用于反演古气候条件和成土环境,其组分可为微生物代谢提供营养元素和能量,进而影响土壤中养分和重金属的转化、固定与释放。本文综述了近几十年来国内外学者对土壤中铁锰结核研究所取得的进展,包括铁锰结核形成机制、演变过程与影响因素,不同地区铁锰结核微结构与组分差异,以及铁锰结核对养分转化与重金属吸附的影响。未来需进一步研究不同成土阶段铁锰结核形成速率与环境阈值,构建不同成土环境中铁锰结核演化模型,阐明铁锰结核对土壤中养分和重金属的固释机理,以期更好地理解地表关键带土壤发生过程与元素生物地球化学循环,为定量评价变化环境下土壤质量和功能提供依据。     

Incorporation of trace elements on iron-rich concretions around plant roots of tagus estuary salt marsh (portugal)

Objective

The concentration gradients of solid Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, Pb, Cr and Ni in freshly formed concretions and in older concretions preserved in the sediment were evaluated in a millimetre resolution scale. These results provide a better understanding of the complex biogeochemical processes in the root-sediment system and elucidate the potentialities of marshes in the restoration of contaminated aquatic systems.

Methods

Tens (soll das vielleicht tonnes/tons heißen) of freshly formed concretions and preserved concretions were collected in the Rosário salt marsh. Each tubular structure and involving sediments were scraped in concentric layers of 2-mm thickness to form two sets of composite samples. The elemental composition of concretion and sediment samples were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry.

Results and Discussion

The sediment involving the concretions contained ～0.5 mmol g^-1 Fe, but concentrations increased towards the root up to 3.4 mmol g^-1 in 3-mm interval. Manganese, Zn, Cd and Pb exhibited similar radial distribution in both preserved and freshly formed concretions indicating that these metals remain in those structures with the age. Chromium and Ni showed a different pattern being lower in concretions with respect to involving sediments, and consequently, concretions do not act as a barrier for these elements. The estimated amount of Zn (59 tons), Pb (5 tons) and Cd (0.4 tons) retained in the concretions all over the Rosario salt marsh highlights the importance of these structures in sequestering metals.

Conclusions and Outlook

The sequestering may be particularly relevant in salt marshes located near urban and industrial zones, being areas working as a natural remediation system and contributing for the detoxification of aquatic environments and the well-being of coastal resources.