两种拮抗酵母菌对桃果实贮藏期间主要病害的防治效果

 观测和比较了两种拮抗酵母菌丝孢酵母 (Thichosporonpullulans)和罗伦隐球酵母 (Cryptococcuslauren tii)单独使用和与化学杀菌剂配合使用 ,对大久保桃果实采后软腐病和青霉病的防治效果。试验采取刺伤接种或直接浸泡桃果实两种方式 ,果实处理后分别贮藏于常温 (2 5℃ )和低温 (5℃ )条件下。结果表明 ,在两种贮藏温度下 ,刺伤后接种酵母菌的桃果实 ,其青霉病和软腐病的发病率都比对照果实低 ,病斑直径小。拮抗菌和低剂量的扑海因 (50 μg·ml- 1)配合使用比单独使用拮抗菌或扑海因的效果更佳。不接种病原菌的桃果实 ,采后的病害主要是软腐病和青霉病。用拮抗菌直接浸泡桃果实的试验结果表明 ,两种拮抗酵母菌均可达到与扑海因 (50 0 μg·ml- 1)相当的防治效果 ,都能显著地抑制桃果实采后病害的发生     

Biocontrol Efficacy of Two Antagonistic Yeasts Against Postharvest Diseases in Peach Fruits During Storage Periods

Two antagonistic yeasts, Thichosporon pullulans and Cryptococcus laurentii, were investigated for their biocontrol potential to blue mold rot and rhizopus rot on harvested peach fruits (Prunus persica L. Batsch, cv. Okubao), alone or in combination with a Iow dose of iprodione (50 μg mi-1 ). The results indicated that T. pullulans and C. laurentii were effective at reducing disease incidence and severity of blue mold rot and rhizopus rot in peach fruits. Biocontrol efficacy of C. laurentii and T. pullulans were significantly enhanced by combination with a Iow dose of iprodione (50 μg mi-1) against blue mold and rhizopus rot in peach fruits. T. pullulans and C. laurentii combined with a low dose of iprodione (50 μg mi-1 ) resulted in better disease control than either iprodione or the yeasts used alone. Dipping fruits in suspensions of antagonist cells showed the similar control effect as the treatment with iprodione (500 μg ml-1 ).     

人参和土壤中异菌脲残留分析

[目的]建立异菌脲在人参和土壤中的残留分析方法。[方法]人参和土壤样品分别用丙酮-石油醚和乙腈-水的混合溶剂提取、SPE柱净化,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定人参和土壤中的异菌脲残留量。[结果]在0.04～5.00 mg/kg浓度范围内,异菌脲浓度(x)与峰面积(y)的线性回归方程为:y=42.495x-0.674,r=0.999 7,线性关系良好。异菌脲在土壤和人参中的添加回收率分别为96.60%～100.80%和92.90%～105.70%,变异系数分别为1.54%～2.78%和7.20%～9.50%。异菌脲在土壤和人参中的最小检出量均为3.0×10-10g,实际土壤、人参添加异菌脲的定量限分别为0.04和0.09 mg/kg。[结论]该方法准确、快速、灵敏度高,能够满足农药残留分析要求。     

Efficacy and effects on yield of different fungicides for control of wet bubble disease of mushroom caused by the mycoparasite Mycogone perniciosa

Carbendazim, iprodione, prochloraz-Mn, thiabendazole and thiophanate-methyl were tested in vitro and in vivo for their effect on Mycogone perniciosa, the mycoparasite that causes wet bubble disease of white button mushroom. In vitro experiments showed that prochloraz-Mn (ED₅₀ = 0.006–0.064 μg ml⁻¹) and carbendazim (ED₅₀ = 0.031–0.097 μg ml⁻¹) were the most effective fungicides for inhibiting the mycelial growth of M. perniciosa, while iprodione (ED₅₀ = 1.90–3.80 μg ml⁻¹) was the least effective. The resistance factors calculated for the five fungicides were between 1.4 and 2. The results obtained suggest that there is very little risk that M. perniciosa will develop resistance to the fungicides assayed. The in vivo efficacy of fungicides for control of wet bubble was studied in two mushroom cropping experiments, which were artificially infected with two doses of M. perniciosa, 10⁶ and 10⁷ spores m⁻², respectively. There was, in the low dose inoculum experiment, a very high degree of effectiveness (96.5–100.0%) with all the fungicides assayed. However, iprodione performed poorly (20.5–24.4%) compared with the other fungicides (88.7–100.0%) in the high concentration inoculum experiment. The most effective treatments for controlling wet bubble did not improve the biological efficiency of Agaricus bisporus.     

嚓霉胺和异菌眼对番茄灰霉病的室内毒力和田间防效

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了40%嘧霉胺可湿性粉剂和50%异菌脲可湿性粉剂对番茄灰霉病菌的室内毒力,并对其抗番茄灰霉病作用进行了连续2 a的田间药效评价。结果表明:嘧霉胺和异菌脲对番茄灰霉病菌的EC50值分别为5.43和8.73 mg/L;当分别以1 170和1 125 g/hm2浓度处理番茄植株时,40%嘧霉胺可湿性粉剂和50%异菌脲可湿性粉剂对番茄灰霉病的防治效果均可达到74%以上,明显高于对照药剂75%百菌清可湿性粉剂1 800 g/hm2的防效。     

7种杀菌剂对玉米大斑病病原菌的毒力测定试验

研究旨在鉴定出玉米大斑病病原菌,筛选出防治玉米大斑病的最佳药剂。试验采用组织分离法对玉米大斑病病原菌进行分离鉴定,用含毒培养基生长速率法测定7 种杀菌剂对玉米大斑病病原菌的抑制效果。经分离鉴定,该病原菌为链格孢Alternaria alternate。毒力测定试验结果表明：药后48 h,异菌脲EC50值为0.27 mg/L,毒力指数最大,对链格孢菌抑制效果非常显著;丙环唑和苯醚甲环唑EC50值为0.51、0.53 mg/L,抑制效果较显著;氟硅唑和嘧霉胺的EC50值为1.66、1.91 mg/L,效果显著;代森锰锌和醚菌酯的EC50值分别为25.82、929.78 mg/L,毒力指数较低,抑制效果差;药后72 h 各药剂对链格孢的抑制效果与药后48 h 抑制效果相似。在7 种杀菌剂中异菌脲对链格孢菌抑制效果最好,当试验浓度为50 mg/L 时,抑制率可达95%。     

异菌脲与代森锰锌混配对番茄早疫病的增效作用测定

为了了解不同杀菌剂对番茄早疫病菌的混配增效作用,采用菌丝生长速率法测定了异菌脲与代森锰锌混配对番茄早疫病的增效作用。结果表明,异菌脲与代森锰锌以7∶3混配增效系数(SR)为1.71,表现为协同增效作用,而以5∶5、6∶4、4∶6混配的SR值分别为0.88、1.43、0.62,表现为相加作用。以3∶7混配SR值为0.043,表现为拮抗作用。实验结果为异菌脲与代森锰锌合理混用提供了科学依据。     

异菌脲在杨梅果实中的残留消解动态研究

为研究异菌脲在杨梅果实上的残留降解动态,连续2年,在杨梅幼果期通过1次喷药多次取样和不同时期喷药成熟期1次性取样2种方式,进行杨梅果实中异菌脲残留量检测研究。结果表明:异菌脲在‘东魁杨梅’和‘临海早大梅’果实中的降解符合一级动力学消解模式,半衰期分别为9.2天和13.86天;异菌脲在杨梅果实中降解速度较慢,但在幼果期按常用浓度1000倍液喷施1次,异菌脲残留量低于中国、香港、日本等地区异菌脲在苹果、梨中的最高残留限量标准(MRL)5 mg/kg。     

Sensitivity to iprodione, difenoconazole and fludioxonil of Rhizoctonia cerealis isolates collected from wheat in China

Since the 1980s wheat sharp eyespot (WSE) caused mainly by Rhizoctonia cerealis has become one of serious diseases of wheat in China. In this study, the sensitivity of 89 R. cerealis isolates to different fungicides was evaluated using mycelial growth inhibition assays. The results showed that all R. cerealis isolates tested were sensitive to iprodione, difenoconazole and fludioxonil with mean EC₅₀ (effective concentration that results in 50% of mycelial growth inhibition) values of 0.419, 0.062 and 0.033 μg/ml, respectively. To evaluate the risk of fungicide resistance in R. cerealis, an attempt was made to induce resistant mutants in the laboratory. Although difenoconazole- and fludioxonil-resistant mutants were not obtained, we obtained seven independently iprodione-resistant (IR) mutants from 89 parental isolates. The EC₅₀ values for these IR mutants were greater than 100 μg/ml, whereas those for the original wild-type counterparts were less than 1 μg/ml. After having been subcultured on PDA for 10 generations, the IR mutants did not show any decrease in resistance to iprodione. Additionally, these IR mutants also showed resistance to fludioxonil but remained sensitive to difenoconazole. Osmotic sensitivity tests showed that the IR mutants were hypersensitive to osmotic stress generated by NaCl. Inoculation tests showed that all the IR mutants lost their ability to infect the host plant. Taken together, these results indicate that the current population of R. cerealis is sensitive to these fungicides and a fitness cost is associated with iprodione-resistant mutants of R. cerealis in both osmotic stress and pathogenicity. The information obtained in this study is useful in monitoring and managing fungicide resistance in R. cerealis populations in China.     

Vegetative compatibility grouping in Botrytis cinerea using sulphate non-utilizing mutants

Twenty-one strains of Botrytis cinerea isolated from six plant species on ten sites throughout Israel, as well as a strain from France, were tested for vegetative and mycelial incompatibility, pathogenicity, resistance to the fungicides carbendazim and iprodione, and colony morphology. Selenate-resistant mutants were isolated from the strains as spontaneous, fast-growing sectors arising from restricted colonies on medium amended with sodium selenate with a mean frequency of 0.04 sectors/colony; 81% of the sectors were sulphate non-utilizing (sul) mutants. One hundred and four sul mutants were divided into two complementary groups: resistant (66 mutants) and sensitive to chromate. Based on compatibility reactions between chromate-resistant and chromate-sensitive sul mutants, 12 strains were compatible only with themselves and were each classified as belonging to different vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs). Nine strains were each compatible with one to three other strains, and were assembled into three multi-member VCGs. Mycelial incompatibility between wild-type strains (barrage), in the form of a zone of dark pigmentation or sparse mycelium with or without dark pigmentation of the agar along the line of confrontation, was observed for 70% of the inter-strain pairings. There was no correspondence in compatibility between strains revealed by two approaches: strains in different VCGs did not necessarily produce a barrage. However, self-compatibility was observed both as heterokaryon formation between complementary sul mutants and as an absence of barrages between mycelia of wild-type strains; wild-type strains belonging to the same VCG did not exhibit strong barrages, although weak antagonistic reactions were observed. Strains in two multi-member VCGs showed the same patterns of resistance to carbendazim and iprodione; the third multi-member VCG contained isolates with different patterns of resistance. Four morphological types were revealed among wild-type strains: conidial (five strains), sclerotial (six strains), intermediate (ten strains), and mycelial (one strain). On bean leaves, conidial strains were more aggressive than sclerotial strains.