The future of tropical species in secondary forests: A quantitative review

Deforestation and degradation of tropical old-growth forests has the potential to cause catastrophic species extinctions. In this review, we assess whether regenerating secondary forests (SF) can support species typically found in old-growth forest (OG) and so prevent extinctions. We review 65 studies that compare faunal diversity in SF and corresponding OG, and compare the similarity of species composition both within and between these two forest types using the Sorensen, Morisita-Horn and Sorensen-Chao indices. Comparisons between traditional similarity indices and Sorensen-Chao, which minimizes sampling biases, indicated that limited sampling effort consistently reduced apparent similarity between SF and OG and that similarity between SF and OG is actually higher than previously appreciated. Similarity, which ranges from 0 to 1, varied from 0.49 to 0.92 between replicate OG sites and was correlated with similarity between SF and OG. This correlation might be an artefact of variation among studies in sampling effort, especially for vertebrates where small samples reduce apparent similarity across all comparisons, as well as a real effect of variation among studies in landscape heterogeneity and the presence of species with patchy distributions. Therefore, similarity between SF and OG cannot be interpreted without an understanding of background variation in OG. Similarity between different SF sites provided no evidence that disturbance specialists dominate SF. Similarity to OG increased rapidly with SF age; when SF was contiguous with OG; when SF was growing in small clearings; and after low intensity land uses including clearing only, shifting agriculture and tree plantations. This describes the most frequently observed tropical SF; isolated from roads and on hilly terrain unsuitable for mechanized agriculture. Thus, our analyses indicate that tropical SF can play an important role in biodiversity conservation particularly when OG forests are nearby. An important caveat remains, however. Abundance, geographic range and levels of habitat specialization are often related. Widespread, abundant, habitat generalists might dominate similarity analyses even when relatively rare OG specialists are present. Additional species-level analyses of habitat specialization will be needed before the conservation value of tropical SF is fully understood.     

土壤供氮能力测试方法与指标

研究了土壤供氮能力的主要测试方法和指标,包括培养矿化法、化学提取法、起始矿质氮指标和电超滤法测定指标等。对各种方法和指标的发展应用作了叙述,并对有关方法和指标的效果进行了比较。     

Spatiotemporal Distribution of Two Euschistus spp. Stink Bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Southeastern Farmscapes

Stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) are ubiquitous, cryptic, phytophagous pests that are found in many crops. In agroecosystems, individuals disperse from adjacent noncrop hosts and tend to aggregate or cluster within fields. In this study, we characterized the distribution of Euschistus servus (Say) and Euschistus tristigmus (Say) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) over 2 yr at three southeastern United States farmscapes. Stink bugs were captured in pheromone-baited traps, and Spatial Analysis by Distance Indices (SADIE) used to identify the location of significant aggregations by habitat type and season. Euschistus servus adults were more likely to be captured in pecan orchards, cotton, other crops, or unmanaged habitats than in woodland habitats. Significant aggregations of E. servus were detected in a variety of habitats including pecan, corn, cotton, peanut, and tobacco, as well as fallow and hay fields, pastures, and hedgerows. Fewer adult E. tristigmus were captured than E. servus adults, and E. tristigmus adults were typically trapped and aggregated in woodland habitats. The resulting data provide an important understanding regarding the seasonal movement and relative abundance levels of stink bug populations, which are critical to the development of integrated pest management strategies.     

切花百合杂交亲和性研究

采用常规授粉方法对亚洲百合系,麝香百合系及OT杂种系共15个栽培品种进行自交、系内及系间杂交,共计26个组合780朵花,针对选定组合的蒴果维系时间、结实率、蒴果的长/宽,有胚数和有胚率5个指标对杂交亲和性进行评价。结果表明:所选15个品种自交均不亲和;亚洲百合系内杂交结实率高但有胚率较低;OT杂种系内各杂交组合的结实率均为0;系间杂交的各组合中,麝香百合系品种‘white heaven’更适合作母本。同一品种为母本的杂交组合蒴果的长/宽与种子的有胚率成反比,因此蒴果的长/宽可作为判断杂交亲和性的外观指标。杂交种子的有胚数和有胚率作为亲和性指标更为可靠,证明其已经克服了远缘杂交的不亲和性,能得到有胚的种子。     

中国气候变化温度指数的空间特征

运用气候变化检测、监测和指数专家小组制定的与温度相关的气候变化指数,对1961～2008年我国278个气象站温度指数的空间特征进行了研究。结果表明,冰点日数从西北向东南逐渐较少,全国范围内绝大部分地区冰点日数呈减少趋势;夏季日数普遍在50d以上,整个东部地区,除了东北大部分地区外,夏季日数都在100d以上,全国范围内大部分地区夏季日数呈增多趋势;我国的生长期普遍在150d以上,自北而南随着纬度的降低生长期逐渐增加,研究的278个站点中,有236个站点生长期的趋势系数为正值。     

柑桔矮生和砧木矮化效应预选指标的研究

对柑桔50个品种类型应用11种矮化效应预选指标进行测试。结果指出,春叶下表皮气孔密度、枝电阻值、节间长度与实生树的株高、干粗呈极显著的正相关,枝皮率、叶上表皮细胞大小、春叶厚与实生树株高、干粗呈极显著的负相关。叶气孔密度和枝皮率与嫁接树的株高、树冠体积呈显著相关,可作为矮化效应预选的主要指标。并对供试品种类型排出矮化序列,还探讨提高测定的准确性和重现率,注意取样代表性等问题。     

西部地级市生态可持续发展评价 ——以内江市为例

运用系统科学和协调发展观建立REES指标体系和综合评价模型,计算获得1990,1995￣2004年内江市生态可持续发展综合评价值,对内江市生态可持续发展水平进行了评价。得出结论:①内江市近15a来可持续发展总体水平处于弱可持续发展阶段;在生态和发展之间的关系上,总体是发展不足;2000—2004年社会经济系统进入快速发展阶段,表现出对西部大开发的响应。②采用综合模糊评价法进行区域生态可持续发展水平评价,具有层次分明、形象直观、符合实际的特点;评价中选用标准参考系,与区域时间序列数据相对照,具有时空有机结合的优点。     

豌豆潜叶蝇的空间分布型及应用研究

应用离散性指标对豌豆潜叶蝇在采种大白菜田的分布进行了研究,结果表明:幼虫、蛹和种群均为聚集分布.聚集均数(λ)值分析表明:聚集的原因主要是由昆虫行为引起的。豌豆潜叶蝇种群的理论抽样数公式为:N=1681.25/x+0.3075.     

评定母猪钙磷营养需要的指标

综述母猪钙，磷营养的评定指标和营养需要量的研究进展及现状。     

作物抗旱性鉴定指标的研究

评述了几个比较常用的抗旱性鉴定指标,如形态学指标和生理生化与抗旱指数指标等,指出作物的抗旱性是通过抗旱性鉴定指标来体现的。