An evaluation of the Olsen test as a measure of plant-available phosphorus in grassland soils derived from basalt parent material

Abstract. Anecdotal and circumstantial evidence have suggested that the Olsen test underestimates plant-available phosphorus (P) in basaltic soils in Northern Ireland. Therefore, the ability of this test to predict plant-available P in basaltic (and non-basaltic) soils was investigated by regressing Olsen-P data against herbage P indices calculated from plant tissue test data using the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system. The average Olsen-P concentration for a range of fields situated on basaltic soils was considerably lower than the average Olsen-P concentration for a range of fields situated on non-basaltic soils, and yet mean sward P status, as given by the herbage P indices, was similar for both groups of fields. Herbage P indices were also much better correlated with Olsen-P measurements in non-basaltic soils than in basaltic soils. Furthermore, at low Olsen-P values (≶9mgPL⁻¹) some swards on basaltic soils were genuinely deficient in P, while others were sufficient or even in surplus for this nutrient. The results confirm that Olsen-P is inadequate as a predictor of plant-available P in basaltic soils. It is concluded that an alternative soil test is needed to provide a reliable assessment of plant-available P in basaltic soils, to prevent overuse of fertilizer and manure P and to minimize the amounts of P entering local watercourses.     

Evaluation of two N cycle models for the prediction of N mineralization from grassland soils in the UK

Abstract. The ability of two nitrogen cycle models, of contrasting complexity, to predict N mineralization from a range of grassland soils in the UK, was evaluated. These were NCYCLE, a simple mass balance model of the N cycle in UK grasslands, and CENTURY, a more complex model simulating long-term C, N, P & S dynamics in grassland ecosystems. The models were tested using field measurements of net N mineralization from a range of grassland soils (differing in soil type, history & management practice), obtained over a 2 year period using a soil core incubation technique. This method was considered to measure the total net release of mineral N from the soil organic matter over a specified time, including N which may have been recycled several times. NCYCLE consistently under-estimated mineralization rates at all sites. By contrast, there was some correlation between CENTURY predictions of net N mineralization and field measurements. This may have reflected the different abilities of the two models to simulate N recycling. Neither model, however, was able to predict adequately the effect of cultivation and reseeding on net N mineralization.     

The use of urban organic wastes in the control of erosion in a semiarid Mediterranean soil

Abstract. A two year field experiment was carried out in a semiarid Mediterranean area in order to evaluate, the effect on soil erosion of adding different urban organic wastes: a stabilized municipal waste (compost), an unstabilized municipal waste, and an aerobic sewage sludge. All the treatments significantly reduced soil erosion, compared to the control soil. The soil amended with compost was the most effective treatment, reducing soil loss by 94% and runoff by 54%.     

Effects of 'Agri-SC' soil conditioner on soil structure and erodibility: some further observations

Abstract. In field and laboratory experiments the conditioner‘Agri-SC’has shown improvements in the structure of loamy sand soils in east Shropshire, UK. It resulted in statistically significant decreases in soil bulk density values and increases in soil porosity and aggregate stability. Further experiments are in progress on both loamy sand and silt loam soils.     

一维马尔可夫链模拟黑河中游流域土壤质地垂向变异

黑河中游地区土壤剖面砂、黏层次相间排列的特点及部分区域剖面中出现的不透水层对土壤中的水分运动和溶质迁移具有重要影响。该研究调查了黑河中游100 km2区域内土壤剖面的质地分层情况,运用一维嵌入马尔可夫链模型模拟该地区的土壤质地剖面。研究表明,研究区土壤剖面共出现砂土、壤质砂土、砂质壤土、壤土、黏质壤土、粉黏壤土和粉黏土7种质地类型,层次厚度呈对数正态分布。粉黏土未在表层土壤出现,而砂土在表层出现的概率明显高于其余质地类型,剖面某一质地层之下多出现细粒含量比其高的下一质地类型。剖面上相邻两质地层之间的转移具有明显的马尔可夫链特征（简称马氏性）,且马氏链是平稳的。一维嵌入马尔可夫链模型能够较好地描述研究区土壤质地层次的垂向变化,剖面主要的质地层次组合为：砂—壤、壤—砂、壤—黏、黏—壤。对土壤质地剖面的定量模拟,可以为开展该区域土壤水循环、转化和溶质迁移等相关研究提供参考。     

滇中亚高山草甸土理化性质和崩解特性关系

[目的] 工程扰动加剧亚高山草甸水土流失和植被破坏。研究滇中亚高山草甸土理化性质和崩解特性关系,为亚高山草甸水土流失防控和植被保护提供参考。[方法] 通过X射线衍射、电镜扫描和静水崩解试验等,测定滇中亚高山草甸土矿物成分、微观结构等理化性质和崩解特性,分析土壤崩解特性与理化性质的相关性,探讨滇中亚高山草甸土崩解原因。[结果] (1)滇中亚高山草甸土遇水易崩解,同一土层不同母质抗崩解特性表现为砂岩>石灰岩≈玄武岩,同一母质不同土层表现为淋溶层>淀积层>母质层。(2)相关性分析表明,土壤平均崩解速率与有机质(r=-0.84)、全氮(r=-0.83)呈极显著负相关,与黏粒(r=0.88)呈极显著正相关,与蒙脱石(r=0.68)、四氧化三铁(r=0.77)呈显著正相关。(3)生物作用和蒙脱石、伊利石等亲水性黏土矿物的膨胀作用是影响滇中亚高山草甸土崩解特性的主要原因。[结论] 滇中亚高山草甸土不同母质抗崩解特性为砂岩>石灰岩≈玄武岩,不同土层抗崩解特性为淋溶层>淀积层>母质层;滇中亚高山草甸土遇水易崩解,生物作用和蒙脱石、伊利石等亲水性黏土矿物的膨胀作用是影响滇中亚高山草甸土崩解性的主要原因。     

华北平原地区交通干线附近土壤重金属有效性研究

选择郑州市郊潮土区域连霍高速公路和京广铁路交叉处附近农田,采集0~20cm土壤样品50个,同时采取远离道路和污染源的农田潮土作对照,研究了土壤DTPA态Ni、Zn、Cu和Pb含量,结果表明,研究区DTPA态Ni、Zn、Cu和Pb的平均含量分别为0.229、1.71、1.02、1.16mg/kg,且Ni和Cu有效性显著高于对照区域(P<0.05),Zn和Pb有效性高于对照区域,,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。小麦地重金属有效性较高,花椰菜地重金属有效性较低。主成分分析结果表明,土壤Ni、Zn、Cu有效性受相同因素影响,Pb有效性受另一因素影响。公路对土壤重金属有效性空间分布有一定影响,铁路对重金属有效性空间分布的影响不明显。以上结果表明,交通干线导致研究区内土壤重金属有效性增加,但程度较小,土地利用方式对土壤重金属有效性有重要影响,土壤重金属有效性空间分布受公路的影响比铁路大。     

铝胁迫对酸性红壤中真菌种群多样性的影响

通过聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态(PCR-RFLP)技术构建了红壤真菌的内转录间隔区(Internal Transcribed Spacer,ITS)rDNAs文库,比较分析了红壤地区典型森林土和农田土真菌群落结构对铝胁迫的响应,构建了6个土壤样品的真菌ITS rDNAs文库。从这6个克隆文库中随机挑取克隆进行了PCR-RFLP指纹图谱分析,共获得77个独特的真菌操作分类单元(OperationalTaxanomicalUints,OTUs)。对77个OTUs的代表性克隆测序并利用Blast工具进行分析(相似性95%~100%)。研究结果表明森林土壤和农田土壤样品中真菌类群79.2%(61)属于子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)和球囊菌门(Glomeromycota),20.8%(16)属于未分类的簇(Unclassifiedfungi),其中担子菌门真菌在两种土壤中具有明显优势。物种多样性指数(Simpson、Shannon和Chao1)分析表明,铝胁迫降低了土壤真菌种群的多样性,农田土壤中真菌的种群多样性明显高于森林土壤。而且随着铝胁迫浓度的增加,担子菌门真菌在两种土壤中丰度明显下降,子囊菌门真菌的丰度显著上升,在高铝处理浓度处理的土壤中演变为优势种群。     

保护性耕作模式对黑土有机碳含量和密度的影响

以公主岭市长期（10 a）保护性耕作定位试验为研究对象,分析与传统耕作模式相比的几种保护性耕作模式对黑土固碳效应的影响。共设4种耕作模式,即秋翻秋耙匀垄、秋灭茬匀垄、全面旋耕深松和宽窄行交替休闲（又叫松带、苗带交替休闲）（后3种视为保护性耕作）。结果表明,经过10 a的耕作试验,不同的耕作模式对土壤有机碳有显著的影响。表层0～20 cm秋翻秋耙匀垄和秋灭茬匀垄模式的土壤有机碳含量最低,深层30～50 cm全面旋耕深松模式的土壤有机碳质量分数显著低于其他耕作模式13.49%～25.14%;0～50 cm耕层     

大气干湿沉降向城市系统输入重金属元素通量特征研究——以沈阳市为例

[目的]探讨大气干湿沉降向城市系统输入重金属元素通量特征.[方法]根据沈阳市不同行政区采样点重金属元素沉降通量,分析沈阳市不同行政区重金属大气干湿沉降污染的空间分布特征.[结果]在不同的采样点,大气干湿沉降中元素的年沉降通量差异较大,但其在沈阳市不同行政区分布规律大致相同.Cd、Pb、Hg的年沉降通量在各地区的分布分别表现为：铁西区＞皇姑区＞沈河区＞和平区＞大东区＞东陵（浑南）区＞于洪区,铁西区＞沈河区＞皇姑区＞和平区＞东陵区＞于洪区＞大东区＞浑南区,铁西区＞沈河区＞皇姑区＞和平区＞大东（东陵）区＞于洪（浑南）区.大气降尘污染的空间分布与污染源地域分布具有一致性,即工业区＞商业区或交通区＞文化区＞居民区＞郊区.[结论]该研究为大气干湿沉降污染的控制与治理提供了理论参考.