Spatial pattern analysis of pre- and post-hurricane forest canopy structure in North Carolina,USA

Existing spatial patterns of a forest are in part a product of its disturbance history. Using laser altimetry and field measures of canopy top height to represent pre- and post-hurricane canopy topography, respectively, we measured changes in spatial patterns of stand structure of a United States southern mixed coniferous-deciduous for est. Autocorrelative and fractal properties were measured in this opportunistic study to quantify changes in canopy architecture along twelve, 190-250 m transects that were subjected to moderate to high levels of wind disturbance. Prior to the hurricane, canopy heights were autocorrelated at scales <40 m with an average fractal dimension of 1.71. After the disturbance, autocorrelation disappeared; the average fractal dimension rose to 1.94. This shift towards spatial randomness illustrates part of the cyclical nature of ecosystem development. It shows how a catastrophic collapse of biomass accumulation corresponds to a decrease in ecosystem organization across a landscape. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

非线性、分形与期锌市场价格

从非线性角度研究期锌市场，运用R/S分析法对期锌市场进行分析，发现期锌市场的Hurst指数为0.6183,其价格收益率序列是分维时间序列，具有分形结构，维数为1.6174。期锌市场的平均周期长度为176天，具有强持续性和相关性。关联系数为19.47%，远远大于国外相关市场。在风险方面，期锌市场的风险比期铜市场的要小，而比股票市场的风险要大。     

Why viewing nature is more fascinating and restorative than viewing buildings: A closer look at perceived complexity

The present paper addresses the question which visual features trigger people’s often more positive affective responses to natural compared to built scenes. Building on notions about visual complexity and fractal geometry, we propose that perceived complexity of magnified scene parts can predict the greater fascinating and restorative qualities of natural versus built scenes. This prediction was tested in an experiment in which 40 participants viewed and rated 40 images of unspectacular natural and built scenes in their original size, and at 400% and 1600% magnification levels. Results showed that the original, unmagnified natural scenes were viewed longer and rated more restorative than built scenes, and that these differences were statistically mediated by the greater perceived complexity of magnified parts of natural scenes. These findings fit with the idea that fractal-like, recursive complexity is an important visual cue underlying the restorative potential of natural and built environments.     

土壤机械阻力的连续测定及空间变异结构分析

设计了一个土壤机械阻力连续测定系统。利用试验所得数据,初步探讨了土壤机械阻力的空间变异性和分形特征。结果表明,土壤机械阻力表现出空间变异结构,在一定范围内存在空间相关现象,用半方差法和功率谱密度法计算出土壤机械阻力的分维值分别为1.79~1.91和2.12~2.30。     

路面不平度的特性分析

利用激光武不平度测试仪沿着行驶方向测定混凝土、砖、土路面的不平度,对每一种路面不平度的轮廓均方根偏差、轮廓微观不平度的平均间距、功率谱函数和分形维数进行了分析,结果表明:传统的粗糙度评定参数在描述各种路面不平度时具有明显的局限性,而利用分形维数可以较好的表征随机路面的不规则程度.     

神府煤田土壤颗粒分形及降雨对径流产沙的影响

神府煤田在开发建设过程中造成的扰动地面、弃土体、弃渣体产生了严重的人为水土流失。采用野外人工模拟降雨试验方法,研究了土壤分形维数及降雨强度对未扰动地面、扰动地面、弃土体及弃渣体径流产沙的影响。结果表明,(1)弃土体、弃渣体随产流历时呈现突增—下降—稳定的过程,扰动地面和未扰动地面则经历上升—稳定的产流过程,各下垫面径流率均随着雨强的增大而增大。(2)各下垫面土壤颗粒分形维数的大小为D1(弃渣体)D2(弃土体)D3(扰动地面)D4(未扰动地面),次降雨径流量与降雨强度、分形维数分别呈显著的线性、幂函数关系,且D1~D2及D3~D4之间存在用以区分下垫面类型的临界分形维数值。(3)弃渣体侵蚀过程线呈先波动后稳定趋势,弃土体则呈多峰多谷特点,扰动地面和未扰动地面在1.0~2.5 mm min-1雨强下侵蚀速率均先增大后逐渐稳定,3.0 mm min-1时二者侵蚀速率则波动剧烈。四种下垫面平均侵蚀速率均随着雨强的增大而增大。(4)次降雨产沙量与降雨强度、分形维数均呈显著的幂函数关系。(5)径流量、产沙量与雨强和分形维数分别呈显著的线性、指数函数关系。分形维数对矿区土壤侵蚀模型的建立有重要的科学意义。     

基于分形理论的结合面法向接触阻尼与损耗因子模型

基于结合面法向阻尼耗能机理及MB接触分形修正模型,提出了一种结合面法向接触阻尼模型及结合面间阻尼损耗因子模型.仿真结果表明,分形维数在较小范围内,法向阻尼与法向总载荷呈微凹弧非线性关系,且随着法向总载荷和分形维数的增大而减小,随着分形尺度参数的增大而增大;分形维数在较大范围内,法向阻尼与法向总载荷呈微凸弧非线性关系,且随着法向总载荷和分形维数的增大而增大,随着分形尺度参数的增大而减小.而结合面损耗因子与法向总载荷呈微凹弧非线性关系且随着法向总载荷的增大而减小,随着分形尺度参数的增大而增大,分形维数在较大值范围内,结合面损耗因子随其增大而增大.     

基于分形理论的马铃薯干燥过程水分输运特征分析

基于马铃薯内部结构的异质性和分布随机性,利用分形特性模拟了在干燥过程中的水分输运过程。结果发现结合收缩和分形现象的模型呈无收缩现象连续介质模型更接近实验值,且分形模型的内部压力分布没有出现像连续模型呈比例逐层下降的现象。包括收缩的分形模型与孔的连通性、孔隙率、面积分形维数和孔最小最大直径比值成正比,与迂曲分形维数和迂曲度成反比。     

玉米种子内部机械裂纹产生与扩展的微观机理

应用Cottrell位错塞积模型分析了玉米种子内部机械裂纹产生机理,采用Griffith能量平衡理论和分形几何理论推导了机械裂纹扩展速度与扩展路径维数计算公式,并对内部机械裂纹扩展速率进行分形分析.结果表明:当玉米种子局部所受应力达到一定时,其内部即产生机械裂纹;根据玉米种子内部机械裂纹扩展运动学公式,内部裂纹扩展宏观速度小于分形扩展速度;由玉米种子内部机械裂纹扩展路径的分形维数公式求出其维数为1.1395;淀粉颗粒尺寸相同时,裂纹沿淀粉颗粒扩展的速率最快.     

Fractal features of soil particle size distribution and the implication for indicating desertification

Some of the effects of land desertification on soil properties are manifested by the coarsening of the soil particlesize distribution (PSD) and the losses in organic C and nutrients. The changes and characteristics of PSD and selected chemical properties in soils at the 0-15 cm plough layer from different degrees of desertified croplands are analyzed in the semiarid Horqin Sandy Land, northern China. The fractal dimension of the PSD is emanated to characterize the patterns of PSD. The relationships between the fractal dimension of the PSD and selected soil properties are discussed. The results show that: (1) in the transformation from potential desertified cropland to extremely desertified cropland, the sand content at the 0-15 cm soil increased from 69% to 93%, organic C and total N contents decreased by 65% and 69%, respectively; (2) the fractal dimension of PSD ranged from 2.179 to 2.611, the more the contents of sand, the lower the fractal dimension and the higher the desertified degree of farmland. In the desertification process within the studied area, the mean fractal dimension decreased from 2.555 for the potential desertified soils to 2.298 for extremely desertified soils; (3) there existed considerable linear relationships between fractal dimension and soil properties. It was shown that fractal dimensions of PSD are useful parameters able to monitor soil degradation and to estimate the degree of soil desertification.