北方林区蚂蚁营养成分的研究

从完成山林区采的光结林蚁与广西产的拟黑多刺蚁，采用美国Ｗａｔｅｒｓ高压液相色谱，Ｐ－Ｅ５０００型原子吸收分光度计等现代分析仪器进行试验分析，其结果：两者所含营养成分、蛋白质、氨基酸，维生素和微量元素等基本相同。认为开发北方林区产的光结林蚁同相具有食用和药用价值。     

Forest management conditioning ground ant community structure and composition in temperate conifer forests in the Pyrenees Mountains

The search for indicators to monitor management impact on biodiversity is a crucial question because management practices promote changes in community structure and composition of different animal groups. This study explores the effect of widely conducted management practices (forest logging and livestock) in Pinus uncinata forests in the Pyrenees range (NE Spain) on the structure and composition of ground ant communities compared to those of old-growth stands. Forest structure clearly differed in stands with different forest managements. These stands managed for different uses also showed marked differences in structure and composition of ground ant communities. There was a great dominance of a single species, Formica lugubris, which accounted for 99% of ants collected in pitfall traps. Rarefaction curves indicated that species richness was highest in old-growth stands and lowest in even-aged ones, with woodland pasture stands showing an intermediate value. Classification methods allowed us to identify two groups of species: six species related to old-growth plots and three species (including F. lugubris) associated to managed stands. Habitat structure played an important role in determining the structure of ant communities: forests with high tree density but low basal area were the most favourable forest type for F. lugubris, while the abundance of the remaining ant species was negatively affected by the abundance of F. lugubris and by tree cover.     

秦岭楼观台油松林地3种土栖性蚂蚁巢内真菌多样性研究(英文)

研究比较了秦岭楼观台油松林地日本弓背蚁(Camponotus japonicus)、铺道蚁(Tetramo-riumcaespitum)及日本黑褐蚁(Formicajaponica)3种蚂蚁蚁巢内外土壤真菌多样性的差异。研究结果表明:(1)从3种蚂蚁蚁巢及无蚂蚁栖居的土壤样品中共分离到15种真菌,无蚂蚁栖居土壤中真菌种类是3种蚂蚁巢内真菌种类的2.0~3.5倍;日本弓背蚁巢内平均cfu.g-1最低,明显低于无蚂蚁栖居的土壤(P<0.05),另外2种蚂蚁巢内及其无蚂蚁栖居的土壤平均cfu.g-1差异不明显(P>0.05)。(2)3种蚂蚁蚁巢内的真菌多样性指数(H′)均显著低于无蚂蚁栖居的土壤(P<0.05),但在3种蚂蚁蚁巢之间无显著差异(P>0.05);3种蚂蚁及无蚂蚁栖居的土壤的真菌均匀度指数(E)之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。(3)3种蚂蚁巢内真菌种类组成明显不同,形成各自特殊的真菌群落;蚁巢中分布的真菌种类几乎都可发现于无蚂蚁栖居的土壤,但其在蚁巢内的分布均大于无蚂蚁栖居的土壤。不同蚂蚁蚁巢内及无蚂蚁栖居的土壤中真菌组成及其多样性的差异与土壤微环境以及不同蚂蚁种群、筑巢习性及其对真菌的防卫机制密切相关。     

不同草地类型的北方蚁蚁巢及周围土壤理化性质特征分析

为探究北方蚁（Formica aquilonia Yarrow）对蚁巢及周围土壤理化性质的影响,本文以北方蚁蚁巢为研究对象,对蚁巢边缘进行不同距离的划分,探究不同生境、不同距离下土壤理化性质的变化特征。结果表明：草地类型、离巢距离及二者交互作用均对土壤参数有极显著影响（P<0.01）,碱解氮和有效磷主要受离巢距离的影响,其余参数受草地类型的影响更大;不同草地的蚁巢均表现出蚁巢中心pH值显著低于周围土壤（P<0.05）,并与离巢距离呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,其余参数显著高于周围土壤（P<0.05）,并与离巢距离呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）;通过拟合曲线,各土壤参数与离巢距离均符合函数模型;综合各土壤参数分析,除离巢距离、有效磷与pH值无相关性外,其余参数间均表现出显著相关（P<0.05）。北方蚁影响蚁巢内外的土壤性质,对周围生态系统具有重要影响,并促进了自然生态系统中物质和能量的循环。     

Implementing wood ants in biocontrol: Suppression of apple scab and reduced aphid tending

BACKGROUND

Ants can become efficient biocontrol agents in plantation crops as they prey on pest insects and may inhibit plant pathogens by excreting broad-spectrum antibiotics. However, ants also provide a disservice by augmenting attended honeydew producing homopterans. This disservice may be avoided by offering ants artificial sugar as an alternative to honeydew. Here we tested the effect of artificial sugar feeding on aphid abundance in an apple plot with wood ants (Formica polyctena, Förster), and tested the effect of ant presence on apple scab (Venturia inaequalis, Cooke) disease incidence.

RESULTS

Over a 2-year period, sugar feeding eliminated ant-attended aphid populations on the apple trees. Furthermore, scab symptoms on both leaves and apples were reduced considerably on ant trees compared to control trees without ants. The presence of ants on the trees reduced leaf scab infections by 34%, whereas spot numbers on fruits were reduced by between 53 and 81%, depending on apple variety. In addition, the spots were 56% smaller.

CONCLUSION

This shows that problems with wood ant-attended homopterans can be solved and that ants can control both insect pests and plant pathogens. We therefore propose wood ants as a new effective biocontrol agent suitable for implementation in apple orchards and possibly other plantation crops. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

Ant-mediated effects on spruce litter decomposition, solution chemistry, and microbial activity

Forest management practices often generate clear-cut patches, which may be colonized by ants not present in the same densities in mature forests. In addition to the associated changes in abiotic conditions ants can initiate processes, which do not occur in old-growth stands. Here, we analyse the effects of ants and aphid honeydew on litter solution of Norway spruce, microbial enzyme activities, and needle decomposition in a field and greenhouse experiment during summer 2003. In the field, low ant densities had relatively little effects on litter solution 30 cm away from a tree trunk, but significantly increased organic carbon concentrations and decreased inorganic nitrogen concentrations next to a trunk where ants tend to build their nests. In a greenhouse experiment, the addition of ants to lysimeters containing spruce litter significantly increased dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), NH₄-N, NO₃-N and K concentrations in litter solutions compared to the control treatment, while the simulation of aphid infestation (addition of honeydew) significantly increased DOC as a direct result of honeydew leaching, and decreased inorganic N concentrations in leachates. The presence of ants resulted in a changed composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) with more aromatic and complex compounds, and microbial enzyme activity was significantly higher in litter extracts from the ant treatment compared to the honeydew and control treatment. However, mass loss, litter %C and %N were not affected by ants or honeydew. Our results suggest that ants have a distinct and immediate effect on solution composition and microbial activity in the litter layer indicating accelerated litter decay whereas the effect of honeydew was insignificant.     

潜伏期马尾松毛虫死亡因子分析

观察马尾松毛虫自然种群的发生发展过程时,发现松毛虫往往经过几个世代的低密度潜伏期之后,才发展到大发生阶段,如1972年在缙云壶镇调查,三个世代每株平均蛹数0—11个;1973年的越冬代0.3—2.5个。1980年在长乐林场调查,调查到很多地段老龄     

松阿扁叶蜂天敌—富氏凹头蚁的初步研究

松阿扁叶蜂(Acantholyda posticalis Matsumura)危害樟子松、油松和红松针叶,危害严重时造成整株整片松树死亡。世界各国都十分重视对松阿扁叶蜂的防治,化学防治资料较多,生物防治仅在少数文献中提到。1987年,笔者等在黑龙江讷河县宽余林场,首次发现富氏凹头蚁(Formica fukaii Wheeler)捕食松阿扁叶蜂。通过三年的观察,该蚁捕食量大,性情凶猛,是很有利用价值的松阿扁叶蜂天敌。通过对其形态、习性的研究,并人工助迁、定植后,表明控制松扁叶蜂的能力明显。现将结果报道如下。     

Effects of coniferous resin on fungal biomass and mineralisation processes in wood ant nest materials

 Wood ants (Formica rufa group) often bring large quantities of conifer resin to their mounds. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the resin acts as a fungicide and thereby reduces C and N mineralisation. Two laboratory incubation experiments were carried out using two different materials: F/H layer from a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) stand and mixed litter from Scots pine and Norway spruce (Picea abies) stands. We estimated the effects of resin addition on fungal biomass and on the rates of C and N mineralisation. Addition of resin to the F/H material caused an increase in fungal biomass and C mineralisation, whereas N mineralisation decreased. Addition of resin to litter material did not significantly affect fungal biomass or C and N mineralisation. The results indicate that rather than having a fungicidal effect, resin acts as a C source that increases C mineralisation (mainly from the resin itself) and decreases net N mineralisation. The latter factor might be important in preventing plants dependent on inorganic N from invading and covering the ant mounds. Received: 17 December 1998