Chemical Detection of Heavy Metals Applied at High Rates to Soil

Abstract

The detection of eight micropollutants was studied in a field trial. Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn soluble salts were applied at rates of 30, 90, and 270 kg ha^?1. The total element content was measured using HNO₃+H₂O₂, and the exchangeable/soluble content was measured with NH₄‐acetate+EDTA extraction. After 1 year, nearly all of the applied Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn, and As could still be detected in the plow layer in an exchangeable form, but the Cr and Hg were not detectable. Two years later, approximately two‐thirds of the added Cd and only about one‐third of the applied Cu, Pb, Zn, and As were found in exchangeable forms, whereas Cr and Hg were only marginally detected. With time, fixation of these elements in less exchangeable forms occurred. Cadmium remained exchangeable for a longer time than the other elements and could be measured by both analytical methods.     

普通山地红壤可溶性氮不同条件下的提取效率比较(英文)

[目的]针对目前土壤可溶性氮的提取方法在提取剂种类、水土比及土样保存状态(新鲜和风干)等方面的不同,分析普通山地红壤可溶性氮不同条件下的提取效率,以期为土壤可溶性氮提取提供试验依据。[方法]利用常绿阔叶林植被下普通山地红壤,分别以其新鲜土和风干土为试验材料,探讨2mol/LKCl和0.5mol/LK2SO42种提取剂在水土比4:1、6:1和10:1下提取土壤可溶性氮的差异,研究该类型土壤可溶性氮不同提取条件下的提取效率。[结果]KCl比K2SO4更适合用于提取土壤NH4+-N,KCl提取的NH4+-N不仅量大且稳定性好,K2SO4则需在较大水土比下才能充分提取土壤NH4+-N;2种提取剂在NO3--N提取上的差异性很小,但低水土比下KCl提取NO3--N的稳定性高于K2SO4;两者提取的NO2--N性能非常接近;在土壤SON的提取中,2种提取剂的差异较小,KCl提取的SON量少于K2SO4,但稳定性高于K2SO4,二者的SON提取量具有极显著相关性;用K2SO4提取MBN时可以不考虑水土比的影响,但使用KCl则必须慎重选择水土比。提取新鲜样时KCl和K2SO4之间的差异大于提取风干样时的差异,所以在对新鲜样中可溶性氮提取时应更注重提取剂的选择。[结论]该试验结果为提高土壤可溶性氮的提取效率,增加测定结果的可比性奠定了试验基础。     

不同浸提剂对海南稻田土壤有效硒浸提效果比较

在海南定安县采集硒(Se)含量水平不同的3个代表性稻田土壤,结合水稻幼苗盆栽试验与黑麦草幼苗培养试验,用H2O(pH4.5)、0.5mol/LNaHCO3(pH8.5)和0.1mol/LKH2PO4三种浸提剂进行海南稻田土壤有效Se浸提效果的比较研究。结果表明:3种浸提剂提取的有效Se与植株累积的Se都呈极显著正相关,但H2O的提取能力弱。在水稻幼苗试验中,0.1mol/LKH2PO4与0.5mol/LNaHCO3相比,浸提时间短,测定的土壤有效Se的平均变异系数较小,且与水稻植株累积Se的相关系数较大,因此海南稻田土壤有效Se测定宜选0.1mol/LKH2PO4。     

Soybean response to the application of several elements on a low‐manganese soil

Abstract

Certain soils in the Lower Atlantic Coastal Plain are Mn‐deficient and because of their inherent properties, deficiencies of other elements might be expected. The response of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. ‘Ransom'] to annual soil applications of B, Cu, Fe, Mo, S, and Zn with and without Mn was examined. The study was conducted on an Olustee‐Leefield sand (Ultic Haplaquod‐Arenic Plinthaquic Paleudult) in 1975, 1976, and 1977. Seed yields, and soil and plant tissue concentrations of certain of the applied elements were determined. Soil pH increased from 6.4 in 1975 to 7.0 in 1977 as a result of lime applications.

Of the seven elements studied, only Mn significantly increased soybean seed yield compared to the check. Leaf concentrations of the respective elements were higher where the element was added than they were in plants grown on the check plots. In 1977, after three years of elemental additions, plant concentrations of Mn, Cu, and Zn were higher, relative to checks, than in 1975. In 1977, with the higher soil pH levels, plants from check plots had lower concentrations of Mn, but unexpectedly equal levels of Cu and higher levels of Zn than in 1975. This unexplained increase in plant Zn was also found in Other experiments in the same field during the same time period. Double acid extracted more soil Mn, Cu, and Zn than did DTPA from similar treatments during all three years. The DTPA‐extractable soil Mn correlated much better with plant Mn than did double acid Mn values, especially over years where a change in soil pH occurred. Correlation coefficients comparing extractable soil versus plant values for Cu and Zn data combined over years were higher for double acid than DTPA, although coefficients for the Cu and Zn data were still generally much lower than for the Mn data.     

Evaluation of Selected Extractants for Plant-Available Silicon in Rice Soils of Southern India

The extractable silicon (Si) using selected extractants irrespective of the soils used for the study was in the order of 0.005 M sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) > 0.1 M citric acid > N sodium acetate (NaOAc) 2 > N NaOAc 1 > 0.5 M acetic acid 3 > 0.5 M acetic acid 2 > 0.5 M acetic acid 1> 0.01 M calcium chloride (CaCl₂) > 0.5 M ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) > distilled water 4 > distilled water 1. Silicon extraction with N NaOAc 1 appeared to be the most suitable for evaluating Si, followed by extraction with 0.5 M acetic acid 2 and N NaOAc 2. These extractants showed the greatest degree of significant correlation with the percentage of Si in straw and grain, as well as Si uptake by straw and grain. These methods also rapidly extract soil Si in comparison to the other methods and appear to be the most suitable for routine soil testing for plant-available Si in the rice soils of southern India.     

Different Fractions of Soil Potassium,Olsen Phosphorus,and Available Sulfur Status of Intensively Cultivated Berpura Soil Series of India and Nutrient Indexing of Rice Crop

Berpura alluvial soil series of the Indo‐Gangetic Plains is situated in the Ambala District of the Haryana State of India. Soils of this series had medium concentrations of both potassium (K) and phosphorus (P) and large concentrations of sulfur (S) before 1970. To study different fractions of K, Olsen P, and 0.15% calcium chloride (CaCl₂)–extractable (available) S of soils of the Berpura series and to create nutrient indexing of rice crops growing on this series, surface soil samples were collected from 100 farmers' fields after the harvest of the wheat crop in 2005. During kharif season of same year, samples of upper two leaves at anthesis growth stage of rice crop were also collected from the same 100 farmers' fields that had earlier been sampled for soil analysis. Analysis of soil samples showed more K depletion in soils of this series, of which 86% of farmers' fields were deficient in ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) K (available K). Thirty and 62% of leaf samples of the rice crop growing on the 100 fields of this series were extremely and moderately deficient in K, respectively. The mean values of water‐soluble, exchangeable, nonexchangeable, lattice, and total K were 10.6, 30.3, 390.0, 8204, and 8635 mg kg^?1, respectively. In soils of this series, 0.123, 0.351, 4.517, and 95.009% of total K were found in water‐soluble, exchangeable, nonexchangeable, and lattice K forms, respectively. On the other hand, long‐term farmers' practice of more application of P fertilizer in wheat crop has resulted in P buildup in the soils of the Berpura series. Olsen P in soils of farmers' fields of this series ranged from 9.0 to 153.0 mg kg^?1, with the mean value of 41.8 mg kg^?1. Eighty‐two percent of leaf samples of rice crops grown on this series without application of P fertilizer were sufficient in P. The analysis of soil and rice crops for P and K proved the suitability of 0.5 M sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) and 1 N NH₄OAc for extracting available P and K, respectively, in alluvial soils of the Indo‐Gangetic Plains. The 0.15% CaCl₂–extractable S in this soil ranged from 9.6 to 307 mg kg^?1 with a mean value of 34.6 mg kg^?1. Four and 26% of soil samples had low and medium, respectively, in 0.15% CaCl₂–extractable S. S deficiency was recorded in rice crops, as 29% of the leaf samples were extremely deficient in S and 58% were moderately deficient in S. This indicated the unsuitability of the 0.15% CaCl₂ to extract available S from the Udic ustochrept utilized for cultivation of rice crops.     

普通山地红壤可溶性氮不同条件下的提取效率比较

[目的]针对目前土壤可溶性氮的提取方法在提取剂种类、水土比及土样保存状态(新鲜和风干)等方面的不同,分析普通山地红壤可溶性氮不同条件下的提取效率,以期为土壤可溶性氮提取提供试验依据。[方法]利用常绿阔叶林植被下普通山地红壤,分别以其新鲜土和风干土为试验材料,探讨2 mol/L KCl和0.5 mol/L K2SO42种提取剂在水土比4∶1、6∶1和10∶1下提取土壤可溶性氮的差异,研究该类型土壤可溶性氮不同提取条件下的提取效率。[结果]KCl比K2SO4更适合用于提取土壤NH4+-N,KCl提取的NH4+-N不仅量大且稳定性好,K2SO4则需在较大水土比下才能充分提取土壤NH4+-N;2种提取剂在NO3--N提取上的差异性很小,但低水土比下KCl提取NO3--N的稳定性高于K2SO4;两者提取的NO2--N性能非常接近;在土壤SON的提取中,2种提取剂的差异较小,KCl提取的SON量少于K2SO4,但稳定性高于K2SO4,二者的SON提取量具有极显著相关性;用K2SO4提取MBN时可以不考虑水土比的影响,但使用KCl则必须慎重选择水土比。提取新鲜样时KCl和K2SO4之间的差异大于提取风干样时的差异,所以在对新鲜样中可溶性氮提取时应更注重提取剂的选择。[结论]该试验结果为提高土壤可溶性氮的提取效率,增加测定结果的可比性奠定了试验基础。     

Activity and stability of jack bean urease in the presence of peat humic acids obtained using different extractants

 The effects of two humic acid extractants, 0.1 M Na₄P₂O₇ plus 0.1 M NaOH (NaPP) and 0.1 M NaOH (NaOH), on the activity and stability of a humic-urease complex were studied. The two humic acids isolated (HA_NaPP and HA_NaOH) exhibited different elemental compositions, metal concentrations and structural modifications in the FT-IR spectra. Depending on the pH, HA_NaPP and HA_NaOH influenced both the urease activity and urease kinetic parameters (V _max and K _m) in the same way. They inhibited urease activity between pH 6 and 7 and reduced the V _max of the reaction at pH 6 and 7. The presence of humic acids improved the affinity of the enzyme for the substrate (K _m). The stability of the urease with time, and in the presence of pronase, was improved by HA_NaPP and HA_NaOH with respect to free enzyme. These results confirm the importance of the interaction of urease with humic acids as a fundamental gateway for extracellular urease stabilisation. Since no difference in the extent of urease inhibition and urease stabilisation was observed for the two humic acids, it may be concluded that neither urease activity nor stability are influenced by the humic acid extractant used. Received: 5 November 1999