Mass balanced based LCA of a common carp-lettuce aquaponics system

An aquaponics system (AS) is an integrated system that combines a recirculating aquaculture system and a hydroponics system (HS). It is designed to recover nutrients released from fish and transfer them to plants to provide a system more environmentally-friendly than the two systems working separately. As a result, several AS are under development, but little information is available about their overall performances. The aim of this study was to assess nutrient-use efficiency and environmental impacts of an AS, specifically a common carp-lettuce AS located in a greenhouse. Nutrient budgets of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) were calculated and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was performed for the AS and for a lettuce Individual Hydroponics System (IHS), similar to the HS of the AS, operating in the greenhouse at the same time. The experiment was performed over a 52-day cycle, which corresponds to the growing time required to harvest marketable lettuce. The nutrient budgets were well balanced, with 24.6% of the N unaccounted-for, most likely due to N2 gas emission, and 6.6% of the P unaccounted-for, most likely due to having underestimated the quantity of sediment. At the beginning of the experiment, N represented 55.9%, 37.1% and 0.1% of the total N input in the formulated feed, stocked fish and lettuce seedlings, respectively. At the end of the experiment, N represented 47.6% and 0.4% of the total N input in the harvested fish and lettuce, respectively. At the beginning of the experiment, P represented 56.94%, 40.20% and 0.03% of the total P input in the formulated feed, stocked fish and lettuce seedlings, respectively. At the end of the experiment, P represented 51.52% and 0.42% of the total P input in the harvested fish and lettuce, respectively. LCA clearly indicated two environmental impact hotspots: the origin of nutrients and energy use. One kg of lettuce growth in the AS clearly had lower environmental impacts than that in the IHS for climate change, acidification, eutrophication, land competition and cumulative energy demand; however, a decrease in water dependence was not observed. The indicator for net primary production use highlighted the dependence of the AS on natural resources, especially fish meal and fish oil. Compared to the use of chemical nutrients in the IHS, the use of nutrients from formulated feed in the AS decreased climate change impact but increased the use of natural resources.     

国内外利用藻类技术处理废水、净化水体研究现状

论述了利用藻类处理废水和净化富营养化水体技术的国内外研究现状和发展趋势。利用藻类处理废水、净化富营养水体 ,既能保护环境 ,又能节约资源 ,具有良好的生态效益和社会经济效益。未来藻类处理废水、净化水质应和生物基因技术、藻菌体、驯化微生物技术、人工神经网络及生物控制技术相结合 ,充分利用食物链中能流和物质转化关系。     

三峡水库二期蓄水后次级河流回水河段富营养化调查

在三峡水库二期蓄水后,135 m水位线下的支流尽管多数仍保持狭长的河流态势,但回水段的流速明显降低,成为名副其实的人工湖泊,适合藻类生长。库区支流的总磷、总氮浓度普遍偏高,能为藻类生长提供充足的营养盐,2005年4月的监测资料表明TP平均浓度为0.148 mg/L,TN为1.90 mg/L,远远高于湖库水体出现富营养化的TP和TN临界浓度0.020、.2 mg/L。如果气候条件合适,支流回水河段就具备了发生富营养化所需的流速、营养盐、水温等基本条件,有可能出现“水华”现象。调查结果表明,在2005年4月,库区13条支流有5条的回水河段水体营养程度达到富营养,应该引起足够重视。     

美人蕉浮床对富营养水体氮·磷去除效果的研究进展

介绍了浮床美人蕉的生长状况,阐述了目前关于美人蕉对富营养化水体氮、磷及COD的去除效果,以及在不同季节美人蕉对富营养化水体的净化效果的研究进展。     

阿哈水库理化环境因子的时空格局研究

采用2002～2009年的监测数据,对阿哈水库理化指标的时空动态进行分析,结果表明,阿哈水库理化指标具有明显的时空分布特征,总磷（TP）从2002年的0.013 mg/L增至2009年的0.040 mg/L;季节上TP和总氮（TN）浓度为夏季〉春季〉冬季〉秋季,氨氮（NH4-N）为冬季相关,与TN、NH4-N不相关。藻类数量增加是2009年透明度下降的直接影响因子,磷浓度升高促进藻类增加是重要的间接影响因子。     

浙江省供水水库的水质评价及富营养化防治对策研究

对浙江省125座水库进行水质监测与富营养化评价,并对15座水库进行趋势分析。结果表明,89.6%的水库符合集中式生活饮用水地表水源地水质的要求,84.9%的水库属贫-中营养类型;15座水库的总磷、总氮上升趋势明显,供水水质呈变差趋势;提出了防治措施。     

天津周边海域表层水体理化要素分布特征和水质评价

通过对天津周边海域表层水体的一些理化要素进行调查,得到化学需氧量(CODMn)、活性磷酸盐(PO34--P)、氨氮(NH4+-N)、亚硝酸盐氮(NO2--N)及硝酸盐氮(NO3--N)含量从离岸近的海域向外海方向递减。水温、pH值、盐度的变化趋势则正好相反;在此次调查期间,天津周边海域海水中无机氮的主要存在形式为NO3--N和NO2--N;相关性分析表明,盐度与化学需氧量、活性磷酸盐、无机氮、亚硝酸盐氮在p=0.01水平上均呈极显著负相关;活性磷酸盐与无机氮、NO2--N和NH4+-N含量均在p=0.01水平上呈极显著正相关;由N/P比和E值的平面分布图可以得到,沿岸N/P比最低,离岸越远的地方N/P比越高。E值的平面分布恰恰相反。北塘附近海域依然是富营养化最严重的区域;本调查海域主要是磷限制,无机氮仍然是此海域的首要污染因子,其次是化学需氧量。     

Removal of Vegetative Clippings Reduces Dissolved Phosphorus Loss in Runoff

Rainfall simulation was used to study the vegetative filter strip (VFS) conditions under which losses of total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) and dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) leaching occur. Boxes containing silt loam soil were planted with ryegrass and cut at two different intervals prior to simulated rainfall 14 days apart. Grass clippings were either removed or retained. During the second simulated rainfall, runoff TDP and DRP were greater for treatments cut the day before irrigation with clippings retained as compared to treatments cut the same day as irrigation with clippings retained. Removing clippings yielded the lowest mean TDP and DRP concentrations. Increasing the senesced vegetative surface area for contact with water, and the amount of time for leaching to occur, resulted in the greatest DRP loss. The VFS management implications should consider clipping removal or no or reduced mowing during the growing season followed by end-of-season removal to reduce DRP leaching losses.     

Linking Land-use, Water Body Type and Water Quality in Southern New Zealand

Land-use and vegetation cover have been linked to the nutrient levels (nitrogen, phosphorus) of surface waters in several countries. However, the links generally relate to streams and rivers, or to specific types of standing water, for example shallow lakes in a geologically defined region. We measured physical variables and nutrient chemistry of 45 water bodies representative of the wide range of lentic wetland environments (swamps, riverine wetlands, estuaries, reservoirs, shallow lakes, deep lakes) in Otago, New Zealand, and related these to catchment variables and land-use in order to assess the potential influence of catchment modification on water quality of these diverse wetlands. Catchment boundaries and land cover were derived from maps using ArcView GIS software. Our predictions that concentrations of nutrients and other components of water quality would correlate positively with the nature and intensity of catchment modification were confirmed in multivariate analyses. Physical and chemical measures were positively related to the extent of modification in the catchment (percentage of the catchment in pasture, planted forest, scrub and urban areas), and negatively related to lack of catchment modification (more of the catchment in bare ground, tussock grassland and indigenous forest). The strong negative correlations between nutrient concentrations, suspended sediment, water colour and the percentage of tussock cover in the catchment imply that increased conversion of the␣native tussock grassland to pastoral farming in␣Otago will increase nutrient concentrations and␣reduce water quality of the diverse lentic ecosystems.