羟基磷灰石–植物联合修复对Cu/Cd污染植物根际 土壤微生物群落的影响

针对江西贵溪Cu、Cd重金属污染土壤,通过田间试验,比较无机生物材料羟基磷灰石及3种植物(海州香薷、巨菌草、伴矿景天)与羟基磷灰石联合修复对土壤总Cu、Cd的吸收及对活性Cu、Cd的钝化吸收能力差异。采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)分析法,比较不同修复模式对土壤微生物群落结构的影响,以评估土壤微生态环境对不同修复措施的响应。研究结果表明:羟基磷灰石的施加可显著提高土壤pH,并有效钝化土壤活性Cu、Cd含量,但对土壤总Cu、Cd的含量影响较小。植物与羟基磷灰石的联合修复在显著降低土壤活性Cu、Cd(P0.05)的同时,减少了植物根际土壤总Cu、Cd的含量(P0.05)。不同修复措施对土壤微生物群落组成影响差异明显。单独施加羟基磷灰石与土壤真菌群落呈显著正相关,使土壤真菌生物量提高,从而引起真菌/细菌(F/B)的升高。植物与羟基磷灰石的联合修复可有效缓解土壤真菌化的趋势,其中巨菌草与羟基磷灰石的联合修复可有效提高土壤革兰氏阳性、革兰氏阴性细菌生物量及多样性,降低F/B值,从而降低土壤真菌病害的风险。不同植物根系活性代谢引起有机质的积累促进植物与羟基磷灰石处理中根际有机碳含量显著提高。聚类增强树(Aggregated boosted tree,ABT)分析结果表明:不同修复模式是影响土壤微生物群落的重要因素,其次土壤pH和Cu的含量及活性也是改变重金属污染区域微生物群落的因子。该研究从微生物群落结构角度解释了植物与羟基磷灰石联合修复对土壤微生态体系的作用,为开展Cu、Cd等重金属污染地植物与无机生物材料的联合修复方式的筛选及实施提供可靠的理论依据。     

两种矿山生态型香薷对铜的吸收、分布和积累特性研究

Two ecotypes of Elsholtzia, Elsholtzia splendens and E. argyi, are dominant plants growing on Cu and Pb-Zn smelters, respectively. Samples of the two ecotypes and the corresponding soils from fields of a copper mining area and a Pb-Zn mining area of Zhejiang Province, China, were analyzed to investigate Cu or Zn tolerance of these two ecotypes. Effects of nine Cu levels (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, 240 and 320 mg Cu L^-1 as CuSO₄·5H₂O) on growth and uptake, translocation and accumulation of Cu in these two ecotypes were examined in a solution culture experiment. The experimental results showed that dry weights (DW) of shoots and roots were depressed, and growth of E. splendens was less depressed than that of E. argyi when treated with ≥ 5 mg Cu L^-1. Concentrations of Cu in shoots of E. splendens and E. argyi exceeded 1 000 mg kg^-1 DW at ≥ 40 mg Cu L^-1. The maximum Cu accumulated in the shoots of Cu-treated E. splendens and E. argyi reached 101 and 142 μg plant^-1. Furthermore, analysis of plant samples from the fields showed that these two ecotypes can tolerant excess heavy metals and produced high dry matter, and E. splendens can accumulate 11.7 mg Cu plant^-1 grown on the Cu smelter. Therefore, E. splendens and E. argyi could be good plants for phytoremediation.     

香薷属植物在重金属修复中的应用进展

香薷属植物应用于重金属修复经历了矿区植物资源调查和比较、室内模拟研究、田间规模修复以及修复后处置研究,已经初步形成一个植物修复技术的完整体系。在现有技术条件下,把生态修复模式、品种驯化及诱导剂"配方"应用到香薷属植物修复土壤重金属污染对提高修复效率具有重要意义。     

野草香醇提物抗氧化活性研究

运用DPPH、ABTS两种分光光度法进行体外抗氧化活性筛选来研究野草香的体外抗氧化作用。结果显示野草香乙醇总提取物不同萃取部位均具有良好的消除DPPH·和ABTS·的能力,在DPPH和ABTS方法中,水部分对DPPH自由基消除率最高,IC50值为15.66 mg/m L;乙酸乙酯部分对ABTS自由基消除率最高,IC50值为14.04mg/m L。这说明野草香乙醇总提取物均有一定消除DPPH和ABTS自由基的能力,野草香各个粗提物部分对DPPH及ABTS自由基的清除率均与质量浓度呈量效关系,总提取物和不同萃取部分的抗氧化活性存在着差异。     

艾叶叶绿素锌钠盐的制备及其稳定性研究

以艾叶(Artemisia argyi)为原料,通过超声波辅助提取得到叶绿素,经皂化、酸化、锌代等过程,制得叶绿素锌钠盐,并对其稳定性进行了初探。结果表明,该产品的水溶性较好,具有较好的耐热性,对氧化剂、还原剂不敏感,在p H为5~11的环境中均较稳定,但在光照条件下稳定性差。几种常见的食品添加剂和一些金属离子对叶绿素锌钠盐的影响小,但Fe~(3+)、Cu~(2+)、Al~(3+)、柠檬酸和维生素C对叶绿素锌钠盐的稳定性有较大影响。     

不同环境因子对海州香薷堆肥品质与物质转化研究

以海州香薷为堆肥原料,采用纤维素分解菌和effective microorganisms(EM菌)为接种菌剂,对不同的微生物组合、不同环境因子(温度、湿度)的联合堆肥进行了实验室阶段的研究。结果表明,在堆肥制作过程中,各处理含水率明显下降;全C呈明显的下降趋势,全N则呈明显的增加趋势,以纤维素分解菌和EM菌的混合菌剂对堆肥品质影响最为显著,使其C/N下降到17.9。而在室温、含水率为75%条件下,堆肥的品质最佳,其C/N值为13.7,ηC/N为60.8%,达到有机肥料一级腐熟标准。同时,整个堆肥过程中纤维素分解菌始终保持旺盛的活性,其菌群密度保持在2.79×10~5CFU/g干重左右。通过纤维素分解菌和EM菌的协同作用,能够快速高效地降解海州香薷残体。     

共培养对土壤重金属污染植物修复的调控作用

A co-culture of two plant materials, Astragalus sinicus L., a leguminous plant with concomitant nodules, and Elsholtzia splendens Naki-a Cu accumulator, along with treatments of a chelating agent (EDTA), root excretions (citric acid), and a control with E. splendens only were used to compare the mobility of heavy metals in chelating agents with a co-culture and to determine the potential for co-culture phytoremediation in heavy metal contaminated soils. The root uptake for Cu, Zn, and Pb in all treatments was significantly greater (P < 0.05) than that of the control treatment. However with translocation in the shoots, only Cu, Zn, and Pb in plants grown with the EDTA treatment and Zn in plants co-cropped with the A. sinicus treatment increased significantly (P < 0.05). In addition, when a co-culture in soils with heavy and moderate contamination was compared, for roots in moderately contaminated soils only Zn concentration was significantly less (P < 0.05) than that of heavily contaminated soils, however, Cu, Zn, and Pb concentrations of shoots were all significantly lower (P < 0.05). Overall, this "co-culture engineering" could be as effective as or even more effective than chelating agents, thereby preventing plant metal toxicity and metal leaching in soils as was usually observed in chelate-enhanced phytoremediation.     

Assessment of microbial activity and bacterial community composition in the rhizosphere of a copper accumulator and a non-accumulator

Soil microorganisms may play an important role in the uptake of heavy metals from soils. However, assessments of bacterial activity and community composition in the rhizosphere of accumulators have been largely ignored. We studied potential effects of a copper (Cu)-accumulator, Elsholtzia splendens, and a non-Cu-accumulator plant, Trifolium repens, on soil microbial activity and community composition with increasing Cu addition. The results showed that concentrations of Cu in the shoots of E. splendens were 2.1, 2.2 and 2.4 times those of T. repens under the treatment of different Cu concentrations. Soil microbial biomass and phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere of E. splendens were higher than those of T.repens. PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) fingerprint analysis revealed that addition of Cu decreased the number of bands in bare soil and soil with T. repens. However, there was a significant increase in the number of bands in soil with E. splendens incorporated with either 200 or 500 mg kg⁻¹ Cu. The abundances of five phylogenetic groups related most closely to -, β-, γ-proteobacteria, Gram-positive bacteria and CFB group, respectively, were determined in the rhizosphere of plants. Some specific clone such as E13 (metal-contaminated soil clone K20-64) was found in the rhizosphere of E. splendens. Results indicated that E. splendens, as a Cu-accumulator, played an important role in governing soil microbial activity and bacterial community composition in the rhizosphere in response to Cu stress.     

艾草种子活力及休眠解除方法研究

本研究开展了艾草种子活力检测,种子活力为77.4%。探索了解除休眠的有效方法,研究结果表明：对细沙层积、温度及激素几个休眠因子进行调节,可部分改变艾草种子的休眠状态。其中,200mg/L 赤霉素浸种24h加变温处理效果最佳,萌发率为38.1%。     

艾草的化学成分和药理作用研究进展

艾草为我国传统的中草药,其应用在我国有着悠久的历史和广泛的影响。早在明代李时珍的《本草纲目》中就有记载,称其为“草医”。对艾草的理化性质、提取方法、主要的化学成分、药理学作用和应用进行国内外文献研究总结。艾草主要的化学成分为挥发油类、黄酮类和糖类,具有抑菌、抗虫、抗氧化和提高动物生产性能的作用,开发出了具有抑菌、增强免疫力等功效的产品。基于目前的文献研究,提出仍需深入研究艾草调控的信号转导通路、艾草的药物代谢动力学参数、艾草的安全性评价以及药物间的相互作用等。该综述以期为艾草的药理机制研究和提高艾草的应用价值提供全面的数据支撑。