对中国叩甲科优势种中存在的问题的思考

究竟是哪些叩甲科优势种类在我国严重危害农林植物 ,以及它们的动态如何 ,这些问题都需要进一步的调查和澄清 ,特别是对各种叩甲的取食对象更需仔细的观察 ,以确定它们的食性、寄主以及在生态系统中的作用和地位 .通过对我国 2 5个省 (区 )、813个地点的叩甲科区系的实地考察 ,提出了在我国叩甲科区系中种群数量较大的 12个优势种类 ,并对中国叩甲科优势种中存在的问题引发了思考 ,提出 :对叩甲科的种类和分布 ,特别是数量发生情况 ,在中国一直处于十分模糊状态 ,需要澄清 ;对叩甲科的寄主和食性问题也需要澄清     

中国叩甲科昆虫12亚科的支序分类研究

选取中国叩甲科昆虫12亚科间的13个特征，经量化处理并判定特征的极化方向后得到数据矩阵，再利用计算机支序分类软件PAUP4．0进行数据处理，得出中国叩甲科昆虫12亚科的谱系图。研究结果表明：叩甲科可明显地划分为3个自然类群，它们的亲缘关系可表示为（7，8），（（2，4）3）9），（（（11，12）10）5（1，6）），其中齿胸叩甲亚科（7）与露唇叩甲亚科（8），槽缝叩甲亚科（2）与萤叩甲亚科（4），小叩甲亚科（11）与心盾叩甲亚科（12），尖鞘叩甲亚科（1）与异角叩甲亚科（6）是4对姊妹群，每对姊妹群中的2个亚科间亲缘关系最近；单叶叩甲亚科（3）和叩甲亚科（9）与第2对姊妹群（2，4），梳爪叩甲亚科（10）与第3对姊妹群（11，12），胖叩甲亚(5)与第4对姊妹群（1，6）亲缘关系较近；齿胸叩甲亚科（7）与露唇叩甲亚科（8）是最原始的1对姊妹群，小叩甲亚科（11）与心盾叩甲亚科（12）是最进化的1对姊妹群。     

中国叩甲科昆虫属的分布类型与特征分析

通过统计中国科学院动物研究所标本馆、中山大学生物防治国家重点实验室昆虫标本室、华中农业大学昆虫标本室和深圳职业技术学院生物应用工程系昆虫标本室叩甲科昆虫定名标本和相关资料,分析了中国叩甲科昆虫属的区系分布特点。结果表明:除异角叩甲亚科Pityobiinae在古北界没有分布外,其余11个亚科在东洋界和古北界均有分布;东洋界的特有属很多,达到64属,占到总数的一半(50%)。从各区的分布情况看,分布于华南区的属最多,达到100属,占总数的78.1%;华北区和青藏区分布的属最少,分别只有21和14个属,分别占总数的16.4%和10.9%。中国叩甲科昆虫在中国动物地理区划中共有37个分布型,其中华南区的种类最多,达到37属,占总数的28.9%;其次为华南、西南、华中3区共有种类,为13属,占总数的10.2%;再其次为华南、华中2区共有种类,为8属,占总数的6.3%。     

中国叩甲科昆虫的研究现状和展望

叩甲科(Elateridae)是鞘翅目昆虫中一个大科，多数为危害农作物或林木的种类，研究该科昆虫对农林生产有很大的经济意义。本文以我国叩甲的危害种类为主要对象，从叩甲科分类、地理区系、发生规律及综合防治等方面阐述了叩甲科研究现状以及研究前景。     

二疣槽缝叩甲对细胸金针虫的捕食特性

【目的】研究土壤深度、捕食者(二疣槽缝叩甲幼虫)和植食者(细胸金针虫幼虫)虫口密度变化对捕食量及捕食者死亡的影响。【方法】以前期对土壤内捕食性天敌昆虫资源调查筛选出的叩甲科捕食者和植食者为试验材料,在实验室内人工模拟野外土壤内捕食者及植食者生存环境,测试虫口密度及土壤深度与捕食者捕食行为的关系,分析对叩甲科捕食者捕食作用的影响因素。【结果】土壤深度、捕食者和植食者密度3种因素共同作用下,其交互作用对植食者死亡量综合解释值为59%,而单独和两两交互作用对植食者死亡量综合解释值均为0;对捕食者死亡影响作用值均为0。当其中两种因素存在时,土壤深度变化对植食者死亡变化影响不显著(P0.05),而对捕食者死亡量变化在相对浅层土壤死亡数量显著高于深层土壤(P0.05);植食者密度变化对自身及捕食者死亡量的影响仅在捕食者密度相对较大时达到显著性差异(P0.05);捕食者密度变化对自身及植食者死亡量变化在相对密度高于1头时显著升高(P0.05)。【结论】捕食者和植食者密度及土壤深度综合作用对植食者死亡的影响明显高于捕食者。捕食者密度或土壤深度不变时,植食者密度变化对自身死亡量具有绝对解释作用;植食者密度不变时,捕食者是直接控制植食者死亡的决定因素。     

叩甲科昆虫性信息素研究及应用

应用昆虫性信息素进行害虫监测和防治是害虫综合治理重要措施之一。金针虫是一类重要的地下害虫,食性杂,危害隐蔽,成虫期是其唯一暴露的时期,利用叩甲性信息素是金针虫种群监测和防治的重要手段。本文对叩甲科昆虫性信息素的提取、分离鉴定及应用现状进行了综述,以期对我国在叩甲性信息素的研究提供一定指导。     

金针虫危害花生荚果刍议

经过2008年对夏直播花生高产试验中18个小区地下害虫危害花生荚果的调查分析,发现金针虫是危害夏直播花生荚果主要害虫之一。金针虫危害比率大,危害果数可达虫害果数的50.0%~84.05%,平均64.57%,占总果数的14.55%,接近蛴螬危害的2倍;其危害症状与蛴螬明显不同,会严重降低花生产量和品质,虫害果数量与有效产量呈高度负相关关系。因此在生产中应加强对金针虫的防控。     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Extending the rotation period in larch plantations increases canopy heterogeneity and promotes species richness and abundance of native beetles: Implications for the conservation of biodiversity

We studied the effects of extending the rotation period (long-rotation) and related ecological variables on the biodiversity of six beetle families in larch (Larix kaempferi) plantations. Beetle diversity in the forest understory and the canopy of long-rotation and middle-aged plantations was compared. The relationships between the species richness of each beetle family and 24 ecological variables were identified. We found that beetle diversity tended to increase with long-rotation and responded differently to the ecological variables in two woodland strata (understory and canopy); e.g., an increase in phytophagies occurred in the canopy. Among the 24 measured ecological variables, the species richness of naturally regenerated mature trees, their abundance, and the quality and quantity of coarse woody material (CWM) had the strongest influences on beetle diversity. The former two variables increased with long-rotation; however, most variables related to CWM did not increase because thinned trees were left in middle-aged plantations as fallen logs. Therefore, the occurrence of naturally regenerated native trees that had grown sufficiently tall to reach canopy height in long-rotation plantations underpinned the improved biodiversity in larch plantations, contributing to native beetle species richness in these woodlands. Long-rotation makes plantations more heterogeneous, particularly in the canopy, and promotes greater native beetle diversity.