蘑菇渣对落叶Cp-S316堆肥养分变化的影响

以落叶Cp-S316、蘑菇渣和鸡粪为原料,在自制的堆肥反应器内,采用问歇式强制通风的方式,进行为期50d的堆肥试验。试验设不添加蘑菇渣（处理I）和添加蘑菇渣（处理Ⅱ）两个处理,研究添加蘑菇渣对落叶Cp-S316堆肥过程中养分变化的影响,分析了堆肥过程中温度、pH、EC、NH4^＋-N、NO3^--N、有机质、挥发性固体、总氮、总磷和总钾的变化。结果表明,在通风量为0．20m^3·h^-1通风时间为20min·h^—1的条件下,处理Ⅰ（不添加蘑菇渣）和处理Ⅱ（添加蘑菇渣）分别在堆肥45h和35h后达到50℃以上的高温,并且分别保持50℃以上72h和96h;添加蘑菇渣可以减少氮的损失,促进钾含量的增加,增加堆肥硝态氮的含量,降低堆肥的电导率,加快堆肥腐熟;对落叶Cp-S316堆肥过程中有机质、总磷、pH和C／N的影响不大。因此,添加蘑菇渣可以加快落叶Cp-S316堆肥腐熟,提高堆肥的质量。     

基于EM算法的图像融合质量评价

为提出一种量化评价经图像融合所产生的结果图像的质量评价方法,采用一种混合瑞利(Rayleigh)概率密度函数(pdfs)对图像边缘强度直方图建模,混合模型中各项的参数和权重通过EM算法迭代估算得到。在建立的混合瑞利概率密度函数模型中,最小参数混合项对应图像的弱边缘,最大参数混合项对应图像的强边缘。因此,取最小参数项的标准方差作为噪声的标准方差估计,实现噪声盲估计;取最大参数项的标准方差作为图像模糊度的定量评价指标。通过估算混合瑞利pdfs模型中的参数变化可以评价图像质量。与其它图像质量评价方法相比,这种方法的最大优点是不需要知道图像构造等细节信息,不需要图像变换,只要有原始图像即可对其进行评价。而且对较小噪声也能较精确地估计。研究表明这个技术很强健,并对要评估的图像依赖很小。     

EM38在黄河三角洲地区土壤盐渍化快速检测中的应用研究

针对目前黄河三角洲地区存在的土壤盐渍障碍问题,以该地区典型地块为研究对象,电磁感应仪EM38检测与田间采样相结合,分析土壤电导率的剖面分布特征,建立磁感式表观电导率与土壤电导率间的回归模型,并对运用电磁感应仪EM38划分土壤盐渍剖面类型进行探讨。结果表明:研究区表层土壤盐分具有较强的表聚性与变异强度,剖面各土层电导率间存在着关联性;土壤电导率与磁感表观电导率EMh、EMv间呈极显著的相关关系和对数相关关系,EMh对浅层土壤电导率的解译精度较高,对深层土壤电导率、EMv的解译精度要高于EMh;利用电磁感应仪EM38可将研究区土壤盐渍剖面准确划分为表聚型、底聚型与均匀型三种类型,其中表聚型与底聚型是研究区最主要的盐渍剖面类型,进一步的统计分析证明了采用电磁感应仪EM38对土壤盐渍剖面的分类结果具有较高的精度与可信度。该结果对研究黄河三角洲地区土壤盐渍化的发生机理、预测与评估该地区土壤盐渍化的发生发展具有重要参考意义。     

不同粒径生活垃圾堆肥组配基质特征及其对黑麦草的生态作用

将生活垃圾堆肥通过筛分的方式分为5个粒径等级,并与土壤混合成为草坪组配基质,研究了不同粒径生活垃圾堆肥组配基质的特征及其对黑麦草的生态作用.结果表明:不同粒径堆肥加入土壤中,可显著地改善组配基质的理化性质,提高肥力,不同组配基质的重金属含量存在明显差异.组配基质能有效地提供养分,促进光合,加速草坪植物生长,改善草坪植物色泽,尤其以基质1和基质2的效果最佳.在整个生长期内,基质1和基质2建植草坪的植物地上生物量分别是对照的153.49%和150.77%,地下生物量分别是对照的222.16%和211.34%;叶绿素含量分别是对照的149.06%和133.02%.     

不同腐熟剂接种下肉牛粪污腐熟进程的比较研究

通过肉牛粪污好氧堆肥发酵,对接种不同腐熟剂与空白处理堆肥过程进行物理化性质分析比较,研究不同腐熟剂接种对堆肥过程的影响。结果表明：向堆肥物料中添加腐熟剂可加快堆肥升温速度,提高水分散失率、有机质降解速率,加快粪污腐熟进程,缩短堆肥周期;自主研发腐熟剂和市售腐熟剂堆肥效果相似,项目组自主研发腐熟剂具有加速肉牛粪污腐熟进程的功效。     

Potato absorption and phytoavailability of Cd,Ni, Cu,Zn and Pb in sierozem soils amended with municipal sludge compost

Effects of sludge utilization on the mobility and phytoavailability of heavy metals in soil-plant systems have attracted broad attention in recent years. In this study, we analyzed the effects of municipal sludge compost(MSC) on the solubility and plant uptake of Cd, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb in a soil-potato system to explore the mobility, potato plant uptake and enrichment of these five heavy metals in sierozem soils amended with MSC through a potato cultivation trial in Lanzhou University of China in 2014. Ridge regression analysis was conducted to investigate the phytoavailability of heavy metals in amended soils. Furthermore, CaCl_2, CH_3 COONH_4, CH_3COOH, diethylene triamine pentacetic acid(DTPA) and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid(EDTA) were used to extract the labile fraction of heavy metals from the amended soils. The results show that the MSC could not only improve the fertility but also increase the dissolved organic carbon(DOC) content of sierozem soils. The total concentrations and labile fraction proportions of heavy metals increase with increasing MSC percentage in sierozem soils. In amended soils, Cd has the highest solubility and mobility while Ni has the lowest solubility and mobility among the five heavy metals. The MSC increases the concentrations of heavy metals in the root, stem, peel and tuber of the potato plant, with the concentrations being much higher in the stem and root than in the peel and tuber. Among the five heavy metals, the bioconcentration factor value of Cd is the highest, while that of Ni is the lowest. The complexing agent(DTPA and EDTA) extractable fractions of heavy metals are the highest in terms of phytoavailability. Soil properties(including organic matter, p H and DOC) have important impacts on the phytoavailability of heavy metals. Our results suggest that in soil-potato systems, although the MSC may improve soil fertility, it can also increase the risk of soils exposed to heavy metals.     

Mapping soil salinity and pH across an estuarine and alluvial plain using electromagnetic and digital elevation model data

Increasing pressures from agriculture and urbanization have resulted in drainage of many floodplains along the eastern Australian coastline, which are underlain by sulphidic sediments, to lower water tables and reduce soil salinity. This leads to oxidation of the sediments with a rapid decline in pH and an increase in salinity. Accurately mapping soil salinity and pH in coastal acid sulphate soil (CASS) landscapes is therefore important. One required map is the extent of highly acidic (i.e. pH < 4.5) areas, so that the application of alkaline amendments (e.g. lime) to neutralize the acid produced can be specifically targeted to the variation in pH. One approach is to use digital soil mapping (DSM) using ancillary information, such as an EM38, digital elevation models (DEM – elevation) and trend surface parameters (east and north). We used an EM38 in the horizontal (EM38h) and vertical (EM38v) modes together with elevation data to develop multiple linear regressions (MLR) for predicting EC_1:5 and pH. For pH, best results were achieved when the EM38 EC_a data were log‐transformed. By comparing MLR models using REML analysis, we found that using all ancillary data was optimal for mapping EC_1:5, whereas the best predictors for pH were north, log‐EM38v and elevation. Using residual maximum likelihood (REML), the final EC_1:5 and pH maps produced were consistent with previously defined soil landscape units, particularly CASS. The DSM approach used is amenable for mapping saline soils and identifying areas requiring the application of lime to manage acidic soil conditions in CASS landscape.     

Heavy Metal Immobilization in Contaminated Soils using Phosphogypsum and Rice Straw Compost

The application of soil amendments to immobilize heavy metals is a promising technology to meet the requirements for environmentally sound and cost‐effective remediation. The present study was carried out to evaluate the result of phosphogypsum (PG) used alone and in combination with compost (CP) at a mix ratio of 1:1 wet weight ratio (PG + CP) at 10 and 20 g dry weight kg⁻¹ dry soil, on heavy metal immobilization in contaminated soil and on canola growth. The results revealed that the Pb, Cd and Zn uptake of canola plants was reduced by the application of PG alone and when it was mixed with CP as compared with untreated soil. At an application rate of 10 g dry weight kg⁻¹ dry soil of (PG + CP) the dry weight of canola plants increased by 66·8% was increased in comparison with its weight in the untreated soil. The addition of PG alone resulted in more pronounced immobilization of heavy metal as compared with PG mixed with CP. Plant growth was improved with CP addition, but heavy metals immobilization was the greatest in PG alone treatments. Results suggest that PG may be useful for the immobilization of heavy metals in contaminated soils. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

蚯蚓堆肥和蚯蚓发酵液体肥在设施葡萄上应用研究

以设施栽培的‘红地球’葡萄为试验材料,采用单因素完全随机设计,研究了蚯蚓堆肥与蚯蚓发酵液体肥对葡萄叶片光合能力、植株生长情况、土壤状况和果实品质及产量的影响。结果表明：利用蚯蚓堆肥与蚯蚓发酵液体肥,提高叶绿素相对含量与净光合速率11.12%、15.31%,促进葡萄的生长,提高叶片面积、茎粗和新稍生长量7.58%、6.42%、18.86%,开花期促进茎叶磷素的吸收,成熟期促进茎叶钾素的吸收;改善土壤理化性质,降低土壤容重30.43%,显著增加总孔隙度8.63%,增加土壤EC值38.23%,pH值降低8.32%,提高速效氮、磷、钾10.56%、11.11%、12.67%,提升有机质3.15 g?kg-1;活化土壤微生物,提高脲酶、磷酸酶和蔗糖酶66.86%、54.60%、82.03%,细菌、放线菌、真菌数量是对照的3.20倍、0.43倍、3.28倍,提高微生物碳氮14.98%、20.23%,增加可溶性蛋白、Vc、可溶性固形物、糖酸比24.31%、9.74%、5.49%、23.46%,降低可滴定酸13.51%;产量增加了21.73%,并土壤理化性质以及土壤微生物关系密切。