不同沙丘下梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)主根周围土壤特征的差异性研究

为探明沙漠建群种植物个体周围土壤养分和盐分空间分布及成因,对艾比湖湖区边缘三种类型沙丘下梭梭主根周围土壤含水量,电导率,全量养分和速效养分的变化进行了研究。结果表明:1固定性沙丘在表层(0~10 cm)处土壤含水量最小,流动性沙丘和半固定性沙丘在浅层(10~20 cm)处最小,以距离主根面3m处表现最为显著(P0.05)。2流动性沙丘和半固定性沙丘土壤有机质和全氮的结构性和空间自相关性均较弱,固定性沙丘养分(全量养分、速效养分)的结构性则较好。3三种沙丘土壤养分的空间分布不均,主要以条状和斑块状分布,整体上呈现出一定的集聚趋势,其中流动性沙丘和固定性沙丘集聚范围在0~2 m圈层,但纵向集聚范围中,流动性沙丘以浅层(10~20 cm),固定性沙丘以较深层(20~40cm)出现集聚,形成"肥岛"。4流动性沙丘土壤电导率对沙丘的影响较其他各特征因子占主导地位,半固定性沙丘和固定性沙丘养分因子占主导地位。     

Wind deposition of mud aggregates and their role in development of lamellae in the Fair Oaks Dunes,Indiana

Three parabolic dunes from the Fair Oaks Dune field in northern Indiana were excavated, in order to study the properties and genesis of lamellae. Reddish lamellae with sharp upper boundaries and diffuse lower boundaries are intercalated with yellowish sand layers within the upper 3–5 m of each dune. The thicknesses of the lamellae decrease from > 2 cm in the east (Winamac dune) to < 0.3 cm in the west (Shelby dune). In deeper parts of the dunes lamellae were absent, but straight or slightly convex, clay rich depositional laminae were present. Thin sections of lamellae reveal that most of the clays are depositional with a lesser clay amount resulting from in situ weathering of feldspar grains. Clays were deposited as sand-size mud (silt/clay) aggregates that winds removed from glacio-fluvial valleys. Lithic fragments, primarily mud aggregates and carbonates, are much more abundant in unweathered depositional laminae than in weathered lamellae. Weathering and depletion of exchangeable Ca⁺ and Mg⁺ led to breakdown of mud aggregates and clay dispersion from clay rich sand laminae through clay-poor sand laminae. The reddish color of lamellae results from oxidation of mafic grains. Sand-size mud aggregates were lighter than quartz or feldspar grains and were carried further downwind and, as a result, the clay in the dunes, and the thickness of the lamellae, increases to the east. At 5.6 m depth in the Winamac dune we found the straight depositional laminae transitioning into wavy lamellae. This is the most direct evidence of depositional lamellae (petrogenic) formation in the literature to date.     

The possible impact of climatic change on the avian community of dune ecosystems

The possible effects of climatic change for the avifauna in the dunes, especially in the Netherlands, were analyzed with two different approaches. It is concluded that although there will be an influence on most species, only three or four species may be threatened, whereas two species may even benefit from the possible changes.     

Late Quaternary eolian dust in surficial deposits of a Colorado Plateau grassland: Controls on distribution and ecologic effects

In a semi-arid, upland setting on the Colorado Plateau that is underlain by nutrient-poor Paleozoic eolian sandstone, alternating episodes of dune activity and soil formation during the late Pleistocene and Holocene have produced dominantly sandy deposits that support grass and shrub communities. These deposits also contain eolian dust, especially in paleosols. Eolian dust in these deposits is indicated by several mineralogic and chemical disparities with local bedrock, but it is most readily shown by the abundance of titaniferous magnetite in the sandy deposits that is absent in local bedrock. Magnetite and some potential plant nutrients (especially, P, K, Na, Mn, and Zn) covary positively with depth (3–4 m) in dune-crest and dune-swale settings. Magnetite abundance also correlates strongly and positively with abundances of other elements (e.g., Ti, Li, As, Th, La, and Sc) that are geochemically stable in these environments. Soil-property variations with depth can be ascribed to three primary factors: (1) shifts in local geomorphic setting; (2) accumulation of relatively high amounts of atmospheric mineral dust inputs during periods of land-surface stability; and (3) variations in dust flux and composition that are likely related to changes in dust-source regions. Shifts in geomorphic setting are revealed by large variations in soil texture and are also expressed by changes in soil chemical and magnetic properties. Variable dust inputs are indicated by both changes in dust flux and changes in relations among magnetic, chemical, and textural properties. The largest of these changes is found in sediment that spans late Pleistocene to early Holocene time. Increased dust inputs to the central Colorado Plateau during this period may have been related to desiccation and shrinkage of large lakes from about 12 to 8 ka in western North America that exposed vast surfaces capable of emitting dust. Soil properties that result from variable dust accumulation and redistribution in these surficial deposits during the late Quaternary are important to modern ecosystem dynamics because some plants today utilize nutrients deposited as long ago as about 12–15 ky and because variations in fine-grained (silt) sediment, including eolian dust, influence soil-moisture capacity.     

神府矿区弃土弃渣体侵蚀特征及预测

神府矿区在煤炭开采过程中形成了弃渣体、弃土体及扰动土体等不同下垫面类型,其物质组成、结构性及产流产沙规律与撂荒地有极大差异,且已产生严重的水土流失。采用野外模拟降雨试验方法,对比研究了弃土弃渣体、扰动土体与撂荒地侵蚀特征的差异。结果表明,(1)撂荒地侵蚀速率随降雨历时先下降后逐渐稳定,扰动土体侵蚀速率呈增大后趋于稳定;35°弃土体侵蚀速率增至峰值后减小并逐渐稳定,40°时则一直处于波动状态;石多砂少和砂多石少弃渣体在产流初期侵蚀波动剧烈,并伴有泥石流现象,15 min后基本稳定。(2)同一下垫面侵蚀速率随雨强增大而增大,而各坡度间侵蚀速率差异不显著(p0.05);雨强相同时各下垫面、坡度间侵蚀速率差异均显著(p0.05),复杂疏松的物质组成是弃土弃渣体及扰动土体侵蚀特殊于撂荒地的根本原因,相同降雨条件下石多砂少弃渣体、砂多石少弃渣体、弃土体及扰动土体侵蚀速率分别是撂荒地的6.51倍~14.25倍、57.91倍~239.2倍、43.60倍~180.1倍和2.27倍~3.06倍。(3)弃土弃渣体及扰动土体侵蚀速率与中值粒径、分形维数、降雨强度、坡度及径流参数呈幂函数关系。研究结果对矿区弃土弃渣侵蚀模型建立与生态环境建设有重要的科学意义。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘策勒县沙丘移动规律的初步研究

关于塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘策勒县的沙丘移动速度,从已经发表的材料来看,存在着两种不同的判断。一种认为“塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘策勒、和田之间……沙丘移动强度也不大”,并且把策勒绿洲西南沙丘移动列为“快速的类型(6—10米/年)”;另一种判断,策勒县“五十年代以来,在县城西北的沙漠,每年前移蔓延80—100米,1957—1980年在策勒乡、