Energy use and greenhouse gas emissions from turf management of two Swedish golf courses

Turf management on golf courses entails frequent maintenance activities, such as mowing, irrigation and fertilisation, and relies on purchased inputs for optimal performance and aesthetic quality. Using life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology, this study evaluated energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from management of two Swedish golf courses, divided into green, tee, fairway and rough, and identified options for improved management. Energy use and GHG emissions per unit area were highest for greens, followed by tees, fairways and roughs. However, when considering the entire golf course, both energy use and GHG emissions were mainly related to fairway and rough maintenance due to their larger area. Emissions of GHG for the two golf courses were 1.0 and 1.6 Mg CO₂e ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ as an area-weighted average, while the energy use was 14 and 19 GJ ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. Mowing was the most energy-consuming activity, contributing 21 and 27% of the primary energy use for the two golf courses. In addition, irrigation and manufacturing of mineral fertiliser and machinery resulted in considerable energy use. Mowing and emissions associated with fertilisation (manufacturing of N fertiliser and soil emissions of N₂O occurring after application) contributed most to GHG emissions. Including the estimated mean annual soil C sequestration rate for fairway and rough in the assessment considerably reduced the carbon footprint for fairway and turned the rough into a sink for GHG. Emissions of N₂O from decomposition of grass clippings may be a potential hotspot for GHG emissions, but the high spatial and temporal variability of values reported in the literature makes it difficult to estimate these emissions for specific management regimes. Lowering the application rate of N mineral fertiliser, particularly on fairways, should be a high priority for golf courses trying to reduce their carbon footprint. However, measures must be adapted to the prevailing conditions at the specific golf course and the requirements set by golfers.     

Level and Timing of Nitrogen Fertilizer Application to Early and Semi-early Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) Grown with Irrigation on Light Soils in Norway

Trials were performed with early and semi-early potatoes to test the effects of nitrogen (N) fertilizer level (0-160 kg N ha^-1) and timing (all at planting versus half then and half either soon after emergence or 3 weeks later). All seven trials with earlies were irrigated as required, whilst different irrigation regimes (moderate versus intensive) were compared in two trials with semi-earlies. No benefit was derived from splitting the N application. Haulm growth and N uptake increased in all cases almost linearly up to the highest N level, but tuber yield did not respond in the same way. The optimum N level was 80 kg N ha^-1 for a yield of 15 Mg ha^-1, rising to 120 kg N ha^-1 for a yield of 40 Mg ha^-1. Tuber quality was lowered by the use of excess N fertilizer, particularly in the case of earlies. The quantity of mineralised N present in the soil after harvest rose sharply with above optimum fertilizer use, and the amount of N present in crop residues also increased. The likely leaching after early potatoes was estimated to be up to 80 kg N ha^-1. The proportion of fertilizer N which was not accounted for in either tuber yield, crop residues or mineral N in soil was 26% in earlies and 38% in semi-earlies.     

岩溶地区生态环境可持续发展的生态足迹分析

本文以西南岩溶地区清镇市为例,采用生态足迹的理论和模型对2005年清镇市区域生态足迹状况进行了测算和分析,并与不同区域进行比较。结果表明:①清镇市2005年的人均生态足迹为2.5440hm2,超过了它的人均生态承载力;②清镇市2005年人均生态赤字为2.1240hm2,表明清镇市处于一种不可持续的发展状态;③清镇市2005年万元GDP生态足迹为2.8139hm2,高于中国西部的平均水平,资源利用为粗放消耗型。针对清镇市生态赤字的状况,提出了缓解该市生态压力、提高生态承载力的建议。     

湘潭市能源的生态足迹及森林固碳减排效应的分析

生态足迹作为可持续发展定量研究的一种新方法,具有简明而综合的特点。采用生态足迹成分法对湘潭市2003年能源的生态足迹进行了计算,并对湘潭市2003年CO2排放量及森林固碳减排效应进行了分析。结果表明:2003年湘潭市人均能源生态足迹为0.653 hm2,实有人均能源生态足迹为0.077 hm2,人均能源生态足迹赤字为0.576hm2;2003年湘潭市CO2排放量为1 186.42万t,现有森林CO2年吸收量为140.25万t。通过扩大森林面积和提高森林生产力,每年可多吸收74.27万t CO2,实现减排6.26%。     

不同生长条件下切花向日葵生产效益和碳足迹分析

为探究切花向日葵生产碳足迹和经济效益,通过调研切花向日葵生产企业,利用生命周期评价法评估露地,拱棚和日光温室3种不同生长条件下切花向日葵碳排放,核算生产成本和效益,结果表明：露地切花向日葵生产碳足迹为2174.46kg/hm2,生产成本51994元/ hm2,收入178608元/ hm2;拱棚向日葵生产碳足迹为2041.13kg/ hm2,生产成本59443元/ hm2,收入175973元/ hm2;日光温室向日葵生产碳足迹为2038.92kg/ hm2,生产成本58465元/ hm2,收入179544元/ hm2。3种不同生长条件下切花向日葵生产的主要成本均来自人工,种子,地租和肥料,碳排放最主要的来源均为厩肥和氮肥。在未来切花向日葵生产中,可通过优化生产技术提高肥料利用率,研发专用机械降低劳动力投入,增加轮作等途径来实现减排增收的目的。     

基于生态足迹的江苏省渔业资源可持续利用评价

渔业资源可持续利用是实现渔业可持续发展的基础,如何评价其可持续利用是重要的科学问题。本文基于生态足迹理论构建了渔业可持续指数的评价框架,并利用该评价指数对江苏省1949～2007年的渔业资源利用状况进行了定量评价。结果显示:1949～1978年的近30年间,江苏省渔业资源基本处于可持续利用状态,但改革开放以后,尤其是1980、1990年代总体处在较强的不可持续利用状态,过度捕捞是导致渔业资源不可持续利用的重要原因;2000年以后不可持续性程度有所减缓,说明伏季休渔、增殖放流等生态保护措施已初见成效。最后就如何提高渔业资源可持续性水平,降低经济社会发展对渔业资源的负面影响提出了一些建议。     

基于可变移动窗口方法估算太湖泥沙环流运动的本征尺度

基于遥感反演获得的太湖悬浮泥沙浓度数据,利用移动窗口方法,分析探讨了平均局部方差和移动窗口尺寸的关系。在90～1 860 m移动窗口尺寸变化范围内,太湖悬浮泥沙浓度的平均局部方差随着移动窗口尺寸的增大而增大,且抛物线模型能较好的描述2者的关系,回归系数0.9959。通过对抛物线模型求最大值可知,局部方差最大值所对应的移动窗口尺寸为2 308.33 m,根据当时的风速和风向,考虑泥沙浓度空间分布与水体运动之间的相关性,该尺寸可以解释为太湖逆时针环流的本征尺度。     

基于CROPWAT模型的哈尔滨地区26年大豆生产水足迹变化研究

水足迹是大豆主产区作物生长期农业用水评价的新指标体系,为定量评价哈尔滨地区大豆生产水足迹组成及降雨年型对大豆生产的影响,利用CROPWAT模型计算哈尔滨1986-2011年26年间大豆生产水足迹,探讨不同降水年型大豆生产水足迹及其水足迹组成来源的变化规律,评价其与哈尔滨地区大豆种植面积和产量的关系。结果表明:26年间,大豆生产水足迹中,蓝水足迹和绿水足迹所占的比例不同,绿水足迹为0.12～0.29 m^3·kg^-1,是大豆水足迹的主要组成部分;对比不同降水年型大豆生产水足迹组成,在欠水年型整体上存在着显著的蓝水集聚效应,出现蓝水的5个年份主要集中在欠水年区域,蓝水范围为0.017 4～0.048 2 m^3·kg^-1,占水足迹9.52%～28.73%;1986-2011年水足迹整体呈递减趋势,即随着农业管理技术的提升,单位产量绿水消耗量在逐渐减少。丰水年和欠水年与平水年相比,有效降雨量与大豆单产拟合方程R^2较大,表明在雨量较大或较小时降水分布对产量影响效应关系更接近于二次函数。本研究结果能够为黑龙江大豆主产区水肥统筹管理提供依据。     

大学校园生态足迹研究--以池州学院为例

[目的]评估校园资源消耗的生态足迹和生态效率。[方法]基于生态足迹成分法的思想,以池州学院校区为例,构建校园生态足迹模型,评估了池州学院资源消耗的生态足迹和生态效率。[结果]2015年池州学院校区的生态足迹总量为8 301.238 6 hm~2,池州学院的生态效率为1.732 6人/hm~2。[结论]池州学院符合绿色大学的定义,说明该校可持续发展状态较好。     

基于生态足迹模型的西北干旱绿洲农业区可持续发展评价——以张掖市为例

利用生态足迹和生态承载力的理论和方法,以西北干旱绿洲农业区城市张掖为例,对其可持续发展状况及程度进行了评价和度量。结果表明：张掖市2009年人均生态足迹为3.798hm2,人均承载力为1.453hm2,人均生态赤字为2.345hm2。在此基础上,对张掖市的生态可持续发展进行了评价,并提出解决对策。