Phosphorus bioavailability in ash from straw and sewage sludge processed by low‐temperature biomass gasification

Reuse of phosphorus (P) from waste streams used for bioenergy conversion is desirable to reduce dependence on nonrenewable P resources. Two different ash materials from low‐temperature biomass gasification of wheat straw and sewage sludge, respectively, were investigated with regard to their P bioavailability. A set of pot experiments with spring barley was carried out to compare the ash P fertiliser value with mineral P fertiliser and the sewage sludge feedstock. An indirect radioactive labelling approach with ³³P was used to determine the amount of P taken up from the fertiliser materials. Depending on the application rate, straw gasification ash produced a fertiliser response comparable to mineral P. However, P uptake from the ash was generally less than uptake from equivalent amounts of mineral P, and the calculated relative effectiveness was 44% after 6 weeks of plant growth. In contrast, the P fertiliser value of Fe‐rich sewage sludge after low‐temperature gasification was practically zero. These results suggest that ash from low‐temperature gasification could be developed into alternative P fertilisers; however, as the P bioavailability depends greatly on the feedstock used, a greater emphasis on feedstock composition is required.     

Application of body size spectra to nematode trait-index analyses

Current trait-based indices of soil fauna for assessing soil quality rely on extensive knowledge of life history traits for hyper-diverse groups. We look at the effects of clear-cut forest harvesting and subsequent wood ash application on the free-living nematode community using trait-based indices and body size spectra. We test the hypothesis that body size is a unifying trait and that the body size spectra can be used to demonstrate changes in soil quality while overcoming taxonomic impediments. Undisturbed boreal forest floor soils were compared with clear-cut sites amended with zero, one-half calcium equivalent wood ash, equivalent calcium reintroduction, and twice calcium reintroduction. Total abundance, trait-based metrics for the Maturity Index, and two metrics of body size spectra were calculated. Nematode abundance was not a good indicator of soil disturbance, while traditional trait-based approaches (the summed Maturity Index) demonstrated predicted changes in community structure. Analysis of two types of body size spectra elucidated how the community had changed under disturbance, and revealed that smaller bodied organisms were lost under ash amended treatments compared to both clear-cut and undisturbed forest. Using the body size spectra for nematodes is a simple addition to current trait-based approaches that can supplement soil assessments for disturbance and quality without requiring taxonomic expertise.     

THE CHANGE LAW OF THE COAL''S STRUCTURE PARAMETER WITH INCREASING THE TEMPERATURE

In this paper,we have studied the change law of the structural parameter of coal in Nan Tong Coal Mine with the increasing the temperature. At the same time, we explore the cause of the changes with the electron microscope and of infrared spectrum.     

外加剂和掺和料对砂浆性能影响的

当前，在水工棍凝土工程中，抹而砂浆的强度和抗渗性能越来越受到人们的重视通过对比试验，研究了减水剂、引气剂单掺、复掺及与硅粉、粉煤灰复掺，对砂浆强度和抗渗性能的影响，并从机理方面分析它们改善砂浆性能的原因结论是:减水剂、引气剂与硅粉、粉煤灰适当配比复掺，对砂浆的强度和抗渗性能的改善显著     

Establishment of trees on mixtures of pulverized fuel ash and Gypsum. Part II: Nutrition and trace elements

Nutrients and trace elements were determined in the foliage of nine tree species grown in mixtures of pulverized fuel ash (PFA) and gypsum. No serious macronutrient deficiencies were observed. Treatments with PFA consistently increased foliar levels of boron, potassium and molybdenum, and the poor performance of some tree species in pure PFA was attributed to boron toxicity. Gypsum hindered the uptake of boron when mixed with PFA, however, and co-disposal of the two wastes could be used to minimize problems associated with boron toxicity.     

黄河三角洲地区不同林分云斑白条天牛的空间分布特点

云斑白条天牛对黄河三角洲地区的重要园林绿化树种白蜡树造成严重危害,研究不同林分类型的空间分布,对云斑白条天牛抽样调查和防治具有参考价值。通过调查片林、庭院绿化林、公路行道林、城区行道林和庭院行道林5种不同林分类型白蜡树林地云斑白条天牛的排粪孔、羽化孔和蛀孔的数量,统计分析其空间分布特点。计算聚集度指标、Iwao回归方程和Taylor幂指数方程结果表明,云斑白条天牛危害片林、庭院绿化林、公路行道林、城区行道林和庭院行道林5种林地时的排粪孔、羽化孔和蛀孔均表现为聚集分布,但不同林分类型的聚集度指标参数、Iwao回归方程的α和β值、Taylor幂指数方程lga和b存在一定差异。     

山东省采煤塌陷地治理情况研究

为实现采煤塌陷地经济、社会和生态效益的最大化,通过实地调研,准确把握采煤塌陷地治理过程中遇到的突出问题,根据国家有关法律法规,结合实际情况,研究了治理采煤塌陷地的政策措施,其中也借鉴了外地的先进经验。研究结果表明,应建立土地复垦费用共管账户制度,政府负起历史遗留采煤塌陷地的治理责任,对部分塌陷地只能征不能转。同时提出了对山东省加快采煤塌陷地治理进程的若干对策建议。     

生物质灰渣与化肥混合对氨挥发的影响

采用室内恒温培养,碱液吸收法测定灰渣-化肥中氮的挥发量,研究了锯木灰、谷壳灰、玉米灰、水稻灰分别与不同化肥配比下,在一定时间内的氨挥发规律。结果表明:四种灰渣在N1、N2、N3水平下,随着时间的增加氨的挥发量和挥发率呈先增大后减小的趋势,各处理的峰值多出现在10~15 d的培养阶段;谷壳灰、玉米灰、水稻灰添加磷酸二氢钾能明显抑制混合物中氨的挥发,而锯木灰添加氯化钾、磷酸二氢钾均能抑制氨的挥发;在四种灰渣中,锯木灰处理的氨挥发率明显高于其他三种灰渣,特别是在N3水平下比同期的其他灰渣处理高5倍。Elovich方程和抛物线扩散方程均能较好拟合氨的挥发量随时间的变化,其相关系数均达到极显著水平。     

煤矿复垦区重构土壤溶解性有机碳空间分布特征

为探究煤矿复垦区重构土壤中溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量的空间分布特征,以淮南潘一矿区煤矸石山和周边复垦区林地土壤为研究对象,从空间分布和颗粒组成上,分析了煤矸石山山顶、山腰和山脚的煤矸石风化物及周边林地土壤中DOC的含量。结果表明:自上而下山顶、山腰、山脚的煤矸石风化物中DOC含量呈递减趋势,并随采样深度的增加而增大;但林地土壤中DOC含量随采样深度的增加而减少。不同粒径颗粒物中DOC含量分布不同,煤矸石风化物和林地土壤均以细砂(0.2~0.05 mm)DOC含量最高,石砾(10~2 mm)DOC含量最低。在雨水淋溶作用下,煤矸石风化物对周边土壤DOC含量贡献较大,距离山脚1~100 m范围,随着距离的增加,土壤中DOC含量由325.46 mg/kg减少至177.89 mg/kg,煤矸石风化物对周边土壤DOC含量的贡献率由85.78%降低到1.54%,在距离山脚100 m处土壤中DOC含量已接近正常对照土壤含量。