Temporal trends in bromide release following rewetting of a naturally drained gully mire

Abstract. Recently, there has been interest in the occurrence of bromide (Br^-) in natural waters since it has been demonstrated that Br^-, in association with humic substances in raw waters, is readily incorporated into haloacetic acids in the form of organically bound bromine (Br) during water chlorination. We report results of the effects of experimentally rewetting a naturally drained gully mire on the hydrochemistry of Br^-, iron (Fe) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the peat water. Results obtained over a three year period showed that rewetting substantially increased the concentrations of these solutes in the pore water, with peak values of 1 mg dm^-3 (Br^-), > 60 mg dm^-3 (Fe) and > 300 mg dm^-3 (DOC) detected in some samples after rewetting, compared with typical values < 0.05 mg dm^-3 (Br^-), < 1 mg dm^-3 (Fe) and < 15 mg dm^-3 (DOC) under the drained conditions. Bromide, Fe and DOC release were highly seasonal, with the largest concentrations observed in late-summer to autumn. However, whereas seasonal peak concentrations of Fe and DOC have since remained at these higher levels, seasonal peak concentrations of Br^- were progressively attenuated over time, suggesting the latter phenomenon is a flush effect, with no longer-term consequences for water quality.     

酚红分光光度法测定含碘水体中的溴离子

[目的]研究含碘水体中溴离子的测定方法,减小测定误差。[方法]用亚硝酸钠氧化,丁酮衍生,环己烷萃取,并用酚红分光光度法测定含碘水体中的微量溴离子。取5个除去碘离子后的含碘水体测定精密度,之后对5个除去I-后的含碘水体分别准确加入含溴离子2.00、4.006、.00、8.00、10.00μg的标准溶液,进行加标回收率实验。[结果]精密度实验结果表明,采用酚红分光光度法测定含碘水体中的微量溴离子的RSD为0.59%。加标回收率实验结果表明,该法的平均回收率可达96.58%。[结论]采用酚红分光光度法测定含碘水体中的微量溴离子,结果较稳定,精密度较高。     

Irrigation and tillage management effects on solute movement

In developing management practices to reduce chemical leaching below the root zone, tillage and irrigation management are important considerations. Two studies were performed to evaluate the movement of bromide in tilled and non-tilled soils under sprinkler versus flood irrigation. In each study, bromide was applied either with an irrigation or presprayed to the soil surface followed by periodic soil sampling to monitor the bromide movement. Tillage was observed to reduce the mean depth of chemical penetration under both irrigation treatments and reduce the spatial variation of bromide concentration under flood irrigation. For example, after 30 days of periodic flood irrigation, 25% of the applied bromide remained in the upper 0.2 m of a tilled soil while in the companion non-tilled soil virtually no bromide remained above this depth. The most rapid bromide movement was observed in non-tilled, flood irrigated soil, particularly when the solute was added with the irrigation. We speculate that the tillage effect of reduced leaching results from the alteration of pore continuity and creation of diffusional sinks and not increased evaporative water loss in the tilled soil. The Root Zone Water Quality Model was calibrated using site-specific hydraulic property measurements and used to predict the solute movement. The model predictions were fairly accurate for the sprinkler irrigated soil but less satisfactory for the flood irrigation studies. In comparing the effect on chemical leaching of the treatments imposed, we found that tillage and the timing of the chemical application had greater impact on reducing leaching than did the method of irrigation.     

低温条件下溴甲烷和硫酰氟对紫穗槐豆象的毒力

熏蒸环境温度为5℃、10℃的条件下,设计6～10个不同剂量分别开展溴甲烷和硫酰氟熏蒸杀灭紫穗槐种子携带紫穗槐豆象(Acanthoscelides pallidipennis)老熟幼虫的毒力试验,应用PoloPlus软件进行机率值分析的结果表明:在5℃条件下,预计紫穗槐豆象老熟幼虫达到99.9968%死亡率所要求的CT值(Lct_(99.9968))为溴甲烷2855.7g.h/m~3、硫酰氟3973.5g.h/m~3,熏蒸24h所需剂量为119.3g/m~3、158.7g/m~3;在10℃条件下,Lct_(99.9968)为溴甲烷2145.2g.h/m~3、硫酰氟1436.3g.h/m~3,熏蒸24h所需剂量为88.1g/m~3、59.0g/m~3。因此,随着熏蒸温度的提高,硫酰氟对紫穗槐豆象老熟幼虫的毒力作用增长明显,可作为进出口紫穗槐种子检疫处理的有效熏蒸剂,但熏蒸的环境温度须高于10℃。     

Release of bromide following rewetting of a naturally drained acid gully mire

Abstract. Currently there is growing interest in the restoration of drained peatlands in Britain. In order to investigate some of the effects of changes in land management practices on the biogeochemistry of peatlands, a field experiment was designed to manipulate the hydrological conditions in a naturally drained acid gully mire in Mid-Wales. We report preliminary results of the effects of experimentally rewetting the mire on the hydrochemistry of bromide in the peat-water. Results show that rewetting had a dramatic effect on the concentrations of bromide, which increased substantially. Peak values approached 1 mg/dm³ in some samples following rewetting, compared with typical values < 0.05 mg/dm³ under the drained conditions. Bromide was positively and significantly correlated with Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) in the peat-water, which suggests that Br^- is derived from breakdown of organic matter in the reducing conditions following rewetting. The bromide mobilized by rewetting may be leached out of the system and/or re-assimilated by the wetland vegetation. Further monitoring is needed to determine whether the observed hydrochemical response of bromide to rewetting of the mire has any longer-term effects.     

樱桃中苹果蠹蛾溴甲烷熏蒸试验研究

试验设11~15℃、16~20℃、21~26℃3个温度区间,试验用苹果蠹蛾幼虫人工接种到樱桃上,分别用4种不同溴甲烷剂量进行处理,每个处理设5个重复,1个对照,试验在温控室的熏蒸桶中进行。结果表明,在11~15℃,溴甲烷剂量48 g/m3,熏蒸2h;16~20℃,溴甲烷剂量40 g/m3,熏蒸2h;21~26℃,溴甲烷剂量32g/m3,熏蒸2h,均能够100%杀死樱桃中苹果蠹蛾幼虫。考虑温度对樱桃品质的影响,建议将11~15℃、溴甲烷剂量48g/m3,熏蒸2h,作为溴甲烷熏蒸樱桃中苹果蠹蛾的技术参数。     

Effects of fertilizer placement on solute leaching under ridge tillage and no tillage

Elevated nitrate concentrations in ground water can be a problem in agricultural areas, especially where soils are sandy. Tillage operations, such as ridge tillage (RT) and no tillage (NT) can reduce runoff and erosion but leaching of soluble nutrients could adversely impact groundwater. In a 2-year study, Br was used to trace the effects of fertilizer placement on solute movement under corn (Zea mays L.) in RT and NT systems on a Monmouth fine sandy loam (Typic Hapludult) in Maryland. Treatments included 120 kg ha⁻¹ of Br⁻ or NO₃⁻-N applied in a narrow band near the ridge top (RT-RA) or in the furrow (RT-FA) with ridge tillage, or in the inter-row with NT. Two-dimensional arrays of tensiometers and suction lysimeters were used to follow the movement of water and solutes during and after the corn-growing season. Tillage and fertilizer placement did not significantly affect N uptake when averaged across years. A pronounced argillic horizon beginning at 60 cm depth caused lateral movement of Br. It appears that Br leaching in RT-RA increased slightly due to the crop canopy funneling rain towards the ridge top. Therefore, when fertilizer is applied near the row, rain occurring after full corn canopy may cause greater solute leaching in RT-RA compared to other treatments. Rain during the beginning of the growing season or after harvest caused less leaching in RT-RA. Corn yield could be maximized and N leaching minimized by applying fertilizer to the upper portion of the ridge in RT.     

利用A-1B超轻型飞机喷洒白僵菌、溴氰菊酯防治马尾松毛虫

用A-1B超轻型飞机喷洒白僵菌纯孢子柴油乳剂,2.5％溴氰菊酯乳油1:100倍液防治马尾松毛虫,作业流量180ml/亩、喷幅30—40米,白僵菌纯孢子5g/亩、溴氰菊酯2ml/亩。经测试溴氰菊酯扩散比DR>0.67,平均雾滴直径127—173μm,白僵菌DR=0.62,平均雾滴直径约139μm,溴氰菊酯防治死亡率95.5％,白僵菌防治白僵率94.84％。防治费平均每亩1.89元。结果表明:在闽北马尾松毛虫的偶发性灾区,超轻型飞机是一种经济、有效、有发展前景的防治机械。     

Methyl bromide alternatives for strawberry and tomato pre-plant uses: A meta-analysis

This paper reports the results of a meta-analytic synthesis of information from a large number of horticultural experiments that evaluated the technical feasibility of methyl bromide alternatives as soil fumigants in strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) cultivation in California, Florida, and Spain, and in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cultivation in Florida. A technically feasible alternative is defined as a treatment that provides pest control and crop yields similar to methyl bromide standard fumigation. We selected papers using five criteria, which jointly ensured inclusion of field experiments that contained usable information on at least three treatments—(1) an untreated control, (2) a methyl bromide treatment, and (3) a treatment that is an alternative to methyl bromide treatment. Because of the differences in regional cropping environments, we performed separate meta-analyses for four crop/region combinations. To explore the potential effects of missing information on past fumigation history and pest pressure on the results, we performed two sensitivity analyses, in which the set of usable field experiments included only those experiments in which the improvement of the methyl bromide treatment yield over the control yield was either 15% or 50%. Finally, the definition of several potential alternative chemical treatments took into account differences in formulations and application rates. The results we obtained do not support the technical superiority of methyl bromide over its alternatives. We found several potential alternatives for which we could not reject the hypothesis of technical feasibility, based on the experimental data for strawberries in California and Spain. In particular, the results on strawberry field experiments in California indicate that the estimated effect size of the treatment using 1,3-dichloropropene/chloropicrin 65:35 formulation (applied at the standard rate) was close to the estimated effect size for methyl bromide. The results from strawberry and tomato field experiments in Florida were inconclusive. However, this does not establish that methyl bromide is technically superior to its alternatives. Given the data-related limitations of the analysis, standard protocols are necessary for conducting and reporting the experiments to allow for more meaningful synthesis of the experimental data.