应用生物源农药防治水稻病害

在稻瘟病始见期天始，喷施4％春雷霉素二次可以控制病害；用3％克菌康1：400倍液喷雾，可以有效控制水稻白叶枯病的危害，在孕穗期初现病时开始，喷链霉素1000万单位二次，也能防治白叶枯病；在纹枯病始现期喷40％纹霉星，病指防效可达67－81％。     

Preparation of Adjuvant Diluent for Live Vaccine against Classical Swine Fever and Evaluation of its Immune Effects

The aim of this study was to develop a novel oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion as adjuvant diluents (AD) for live vaccine against classical swine fever (CSF) that could effectively enhance the immune effect of vaccine.The AD was prepared by high-pressure homogenization technique.Formulations and preparation parameters were optimized with response surface design.Its stability, particle size, polydispersity (PDI) and Zeta potential were characterized.The humoral immune response and cellular immune response of the AD were evaluated with BALB/c mice by intramuscular injection.The particle size of the AD prepared by optimized formulation and parameters was 100.4 nm, PDI was 0.147, and Zeta potential was —28.7 mV.The experiment results showed that the AD had good stability.The AD was inoculated combined with live vaccine against CSF into BALB/c mice by intramuscular injection.The results showed that the live vaccine against CSF specific immune responses could be evoked in mice by co-inoculation with AD and vaccine.The cellular immune response levels in co-inoculated groups were significantly higher than control group (P<0.05), with obvious phenomena of higher levels of IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-4 in serum.The result revealed that cellular immune capability significantly improved with the AD.The results strongly revealed that cellular immune capability significantly improved by introducing AD for effective immune-adjuvant for live vaccine against CSF.     

Ecotourist trail-use affects the taxonomic,functional and phylogenetic diversity of mammals in a protected area: lessons for conservation management

Ecotourism, by definition, aims to engage peoples’ interest in wildlife and the environment. The use of tourist roads and trails to access sites within protected areas (PAs) can detrimentally affect the behavior and distribution of species. The way mammals respond to anthropogenic pressures may differ across taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic groups; nevertheless, how ecotourist trail-use affects these different diversity remains under-investigated. Here, we assessed 6 metrics of taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity for a mammal community in a PA in central China, recording how Trail use (using Trail type as a proxy) and habitat variables affected sightings and signs of mammals across 60 replicate 0.5 km transects. We then examined how Trail use affected the taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity indices of species (>1 kg). Using generalized liner mixed modeling, we identified that more used trail types had a greater adverse effect on all diversity richness indices than did less used trail types. Consequently, tourist pressure was associated with a general tendency to homogenize the site's mammal community. In contrast, the effects of Trail Types on all diversity evenness indices were non-significant. Furthermore, more developed and more heavily used trail types had a greater, significant negative effect on taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic richness, whereas these richness indices were unaffected by minor trail types, used less intensively. As a general principle, lower biodiversity indices reduce ecosystem resilience, and so it is vital to better understand these responses to balance public access against biodiversity management in PAs.     

均质压力对豆乳贮存过程中物性变化的影响

以豆乳为原料,通过不同均质压力处理后,将样品存放在常温(25℃)环境下,持续观测30 d,研究不同均质压力下贮存过程中豆乳的黏度、色差、丙二醛含量和蛋白稳定性的变化。发现在15～40 MPa的均质压力下,豆乳黏度无明显差别;贮存过程中,色差△E值在第20天时为8.51,感官评价消费者中不可接受,黏度和稳定性有极大差异。     

水杨酸与植物抗逆性

非生物胁迫与生物胁迫均能诱导植物体内水杨酸(SA)的合成,从而缓解逆境对植物造成的伤害,增强植物的抗逆性.本文介绍了近年来有关SA诱导植物抗逆方面的研究进展,并对其作用机理进行了简要综述.     

利用底栖动物进行水质监测与评价的研究进展

介绍了生物监测的意义与发展概况,概括了底栖动物的概念,并列举出常见底栖动物的主要类群。在综述近年来国内外利用底栖动物进行水质生物监测与评价的主要工作的基础上,总结出利用底栖动物进行水质生物监测与评价的研究和实践时应注意的问题,为底栖动物在环境监测和环境评价中的应用提供有益的参考。     

速溶薏米粉的制备及其特性研究

以超高压改性与高压均质相结合为关键技术制备速溶薏米粉,并对速溶薏米粉营养成分及其特性进行了测定。结果表明,制备的速溶薏米粉主要营养成分保存较好,抗性淀粉含量显著增加,休止角较小,堆积密度较大,结块率较小,冲调性和蛋白质分散性较好,消化率较低,香气风味及色泽等稍逊于常见谷物粉,但口感较好,为薏米冲调食品的开发提供依据。     

杨树PeNHLd基因的克隆与表达模式分析

含有NHL结构域的基因在人类、动物和微生物的生长发育过程中扮演着重要角色,但是在植物中关于该类基因的研究还未曾有过报道。为了探究该类基因在植物中的表达模式,本研究以"南林895"杨为材料,采用RACE技术克隆得到了PeNHLd基因,并通过RT-PCR对预测的ORF框进行了验证。杨树PeNHLd基因包含7个外显子和6个内含子,其c DNA全长为1 971 bp,包括1个1 449 bp的开放阅读框,可编码482个氨基酸,预测其蛋白质分子质量为53.9 kD,理论等电点7.24;该蛋白含有3个跨膜螺旋和2个保守的NHL结构域。实时定量PCR结果显示,Pe NHLd基因在干旱、高盐、激素、病原菌侵染等胁迫下有着明显的动态表达模式,对这些胁迫做出了迅速而强烈的响应;同时该基因在杨树根、茎、叶等不同组织器官中存在显著的表达差异,有着明显的组织特异性。本研究为探究PeNHLd基因在植物中的表达模式提供理论依据。     

Protective and defensive roles of non-glandular trichomes against multiple stresses:structure-function coordination

As superficial structures,non-glandular trichomes,protect plant organs against multiple biotic and abiotic stresses.The protective and defensive roles of these epidermal appendages are crucial to developing organs and can be attributed to the excellent combination of suitable structural traits and chemical reinforcement in the form of phenolic compounds,primarily fl avonoids.Both the formation of trichomes and the accumulation of phenolics are interrelated at the molecular level.During the early stages of development,non-glandular trichomes show strong morphological similarities to glandular ones such as the balloon-like apical cells with numerous phenolics.At later developmental stages,and during secondary wall thickening,phenolics are transferred to the cell walls of the trichomes.Due to the diff use deposition of phenolics in the cell walls,trichomes provide protection against UV-B radiation by behaving as optical fi lters,screening out wavelengths that could damage sensitive tissues.Protection from strong visible radiation is also aff orded by increased surface light refl ectance.Moreover,the mixtures of trichome phenolics represent a superfi-cial chemical barrier that provides protection against biotic stress factors such as herbivores and pathogens.Although the cells of some trichomes die at maturity,they can modulate their quantitative and qualitative characteristics during development,depending on the prevailing conditions of the external biotic or abiotic environment.In fact,the structure and chemical constituents of trichomes may change due to the particular light regime,herbivore damage,wounding,water stress,salinity and the presence of heavy metals.Hence,trichomes represent dynamic protective structures that may greatly aff ect the outcome of many plant–environment interactions.     

Combined effects of salt stress and cucurbit downy mildew (Pseudoperospora cubensis Berk. and Curt. Rostov.) infection on growth,physiological traits and antioxidant activity in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings

Abiotic and biotic stresses both decrease quality and quantity of cultivated plants. We compared responses of Cucumis sativus L. cvs Sardes and Beith alpha which were treated with 50 or 100 mM NaCl and/or infected by Pseudoperospora cubensis Berk. and Curt. Rostov.. Both cultivars were affected remarkably when fungus infection was combined with salt stress however; cv Sardes was found out to be relatively tolerant with sustainable growth performance, better leaf water status and lower lipid peroxidation levels under this condition. This relative tolerance could be related to the fine tuning of the activities of the antioxidative enzymes and proline levels.