微生物燃料电池在环境监测中的研究进展

微生物燃料电池在环境监测领域有巨大的应用潜力.概述微生物燃料电池应用于环境监测的基本原理,对目前已有的微生物燃料电池型传感器为监测方法进行详细的介绍,包括微生物燃料电池用于易降解碳源、有毒污染物及微生物数量检测三方面的研究.最后探讨了微生物燃料电池传感器目前还未被广泛应用于实际水质监测的原因,以期为未来研究开发高性能微生物燃料电池传感器提供理论参考依据.     

植物激素测定方法述评

分析了传统植物激素测定的方法,提出了新的技术发展下,对植物激素快速、原位实时、高灵敏、高通量检测的必要性,对植物激素测定方法的前沿技术做出分析,并初步探讨了植物激素测定技术的未来趋势。     

快速检测禽流感病毒的生物阻抗测试仪

在生物芯片上通过测量微(纳)电极阻抗值以诊断溶液中禽流感病毒,是目前禽流感病毒快速检测的方向之一.以AD5933高精度阻抗转换芯片为核心测量芯片,以ATmega16单片机为控制器,通过外围电路设计和调试,研制激励频率范围1～100 kHz、测量阻抗范围1～1 000 kΩ的阻抗测试仪,通过液晶实时显示扫频和定点测量结果.为保证测试仪的准确性,设计了带有35组不同阻抗组合的校正网络,用以实时校正.经精度为0.2％的商品化阻抗测试仪标定,所研制的原理性装置容抗测量精度达3％,通过进一步改进后可以满足使用要求.     

Evanescent-wave biosensor for field serodiagnosis of tortoise mycoplasmosis

Disease has become an increasingly important issue for wildlife management over the past two decades. Adequate surveillance is fundamental for disease prevention and control, thus there is an increasing need for diagnostic assays for wildlife management. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of a field-portable biosensor adapted for rapid detection of specific antibodies in tortoise plasma that reflect a history of exposure to Mycoplasma agassizii, which is an agent of tortoise upper respiratory tract disease. Banked plasma samples were tested in two blinded trials, and the parameters that define the reliability of a diagnostic test were estimated based on externally validated tortoise plasma controls. The mean sensitivity of the biosensor (ability to identify exposed tortoises in the group of all exposed individuals) was 78%; the mean specificity (unexposed individuals with negative test result, out of all unexposed individuals tested) was 73%; the mean positive predictive value (exposed individuals with positive test, out of all individuals with positive test) was 82%; the mean negative predictive value (unexposed individuals with negative test, out of all individuals with negative test) was 68%. In a 15-min field-portable format, the biosensor was able to discriminate between true seropositive (n=34) and true seronegative (n=23) tortoise plasma with overall accuracy of 84%. The goals established for the tortoise population can help managers decide whether potential diagnostic errors should impact management decision-making, and whether the benefits of the field-portable format of the biosensor assay outweigh any potential disadvantages.     

分子生物学技术在环境微生物检测和污染治理中的应用

综述了聚合酶链式反应技术(PCR)、生物芯片技术、酶联免疫吸附技术(ELISA)、生物传感器4种现代分子生物学技术的基本原理及其在环境微生物检测和治理中的应用,以期为现代分子生物学技术在环境微生物检测和治理中的进一步研究提供参考。     

生物传感器研究进展

介绍了生物传感器的研究发展历史和生物传感器的原理以及种类与特点,阐述了生物传感器在食品品质、食品成分快速检测和食品安全方面的应用现状,并对生物传感器未来发展进行了展望.     

Impact of heavy metal amended sewage sludge on forest soils as assessed by bacterial and fungal biosensors

Bacterial and fungal bioluminescence-based biosensors were used as indicators of potential heavy metal toxicity to microorganisms in the needle litter of a mature Pinus radiata forest under heavy metal contaminated sewage sludge. Sewage sludge was amended with increasing concentrations of Cu, Ni and Zn and applied to the surface of a mature P. radiata forest. The response of the bacterial and fungal biosensors to soluble Cu, Ni and Zn in needle litter extracts was investigated. The bioluminescence response of the bacterial biosensor Escherichia coli HB101 pUCD607 declined as water-soluble Zn concentrations increased. The effective concentrations that gave a 50% reduction in bioluminescence (EC₅₀ values) for water-soluble Zn and total litter Zn were 1.3 mg l⁻¹ and 3700 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. The bioluminescence response of the fungal biosensor Armillaria mellea declined as soluble Cu concentrations increased. The EC₅₀ values for water-soluble Cu and total litter Cu were 0.12 mg l⁻¹ and 540 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. No decline in bioluminescence was noted for either the bacterial or fungal biosensor on exposure to increasing concentrations of water-soluble Ni. The use of a combination of bacterial and fungal biosensors offers a rapid and sensitive tool for assessing toxicity of heavy metals to microorganisms and, thus, elucidating the environmental impact of contaminants in sewage sludge on litter dwelling microorganisms.     

生物传感器在农药残留检测中的应用

生物传感器作为一种新的分析工具,具有广泛应用价值。综述了生物传感器在农药残留快速检测中的应用进展情况,阐述了利用生物传感器法快速检测农药残留的应用前景和发展趋势。     

Bio-indicators to assess impacts of heavy metals in land-applied sewage sludge

Soils from a pastoral farm that had received large amounts of heavy metal contaminated sewage sludge 6-10 years previously were investigated to determine the impact of heavy metals on Rhizobium. The 8 ha application area was originally divided into five different-sized blocks (blocks 1-5), which received sludge at different times between 1991 and 1994. The response of a lux biosensor based on R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii (Rhizotox-C), was compared with more traditional techniques for measuring the presence of effective strains of Rhizobium (MPN) and nitrogen fixation (δ¹⁵N natural abundance). Although population size (MPNs), nitrogen fixation and biosensor response varied between treatment blocks, linear regression analysis determined that this block effect could not be directly linked to soil heavy metal concentrations, but was probably due to biological, physical, chemical and environmental compounding factors at the site. In this type of uncontrolled field application, the lux bioassay may provide the most useful information as it measures toxicity to any microorganism exposed to the soil solution, for example, the free living rhizobia.     

Synergetic effect of organic solvents and paraoxon on the immobilized acetylcholinesterase

The toxicity of organophosphorus pesticides is attributed to their ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which catalyses the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitting agent acetylcholine (ACh). A simple, reproducible and stable AChE-based amperometric bioelectrode was used, for measuring the enzyme activity before and after the incubation with paraoxon dissolved in organic solvents.The inhibition percentage induced by a paraoxon in organic solvent solutions increases in the following sequence: acetonitrile < water < hexane, suggesting that the paraoxon repartition between the organic solvent and the essential water for enzyme activity plays an important role in establishing the analytical and kinetic parameters of the bioelectrode. Considering the AChE denaturation, induced only by the organic solvent, as a pseudo-inhibition process, the kinetic treatment of the bioelectrode response revealed that it follows a mixed competitive/non-competitive mechanism, while the inhibition due to a non-aqueous solution of paraoxon corresponds to a non-competitive/uncompetitive mechanism. In the last case, the synergetic effect of denaturation and inhibition of enzyme was dominated by the inhibitor presence.