春季三江平原大型水鸟区系组成及多样性分析

2003年4月份～2004年6月份对三江平原湿地的繁殖水鸟进行了春季调查,并记录了大型水乌37种,分属6目9科16属。对鹤类、鹤类、大型鹭类、天鹅、雁鸭类和部分鹬类进行了重点调查和统计。其中鹚形目、雁形目无论在种类上还是在数量上都占绝对优势,分别占水乌群落种类组成的18．44％和55．76％。记录到包括东方白鹤(Ciconia boyciana)、丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)、白头鹤(Grus manacha)等国家Ⅰ级保护物种3种,记录到国家Ⅱ级保护物种6种,分别为赤颈鹋鹧(Podiceps grisegena)、大天鹅(Cygnus Cygnus)、白琵鹭(Platalea leucorodia)、鸳鸯(Aix galericulata)、灰鹤(Grus grus)、白枕鹤(Grus vipio)。通过对三江平原大型水鸟多样性分析表明,该地区各县的物种多样性及科、属多样性较高,且有众多的珍稀物种,是一个重要的水鸟栖息地,应加强对该区域的保护。     

The effects of extreme forest fragmentation on the bird community of Singapore Island

Singapore Island suffered one of the highest known deforestation rates in the tropics from the mid-to-late 19th century when over 95% of its native lowland forest was cleared. We compared the current bird community structure and composition among three habitat types, i.e., old (>50 years, 7-935 ha) and young (?50 years, 29-49 ha) naturally regenerating secondary forests and abandoned wooded plantations (27-102 ha) dominated by exotic species. Forest patch area had the strongest influence on the current species richness. The overall bird richness was not greater in most mature forest patches, but 20 species were only found in the old secondary forests and five of these were found in <50% of these patches. The rapid decrease in the number of forest species in plantations was offset by an increase in the number of open habitat species. Comparisons with current bird communities in nearby mainland forest sites (Peninsular Malaysia) suggest that the forest avifauna of Singapore is depauperate. The preservation of larger mature and maturing forests is therefore required for conserving the extant forest avifauna in Singapore. Connecting isolated patches can also be envisioned to facilitate movements of forest birds that have low densities and restricted distribution.     

Differences in bird diversity between two swidden agricultural sites in mountainous terrain, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China

This study took a comparative look at the relationship between human-altered landscapes and bird diversity in two mountainous swidden (slash and burn) agricultural sites in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China. Over the course of 3 years (1998-2000) the authors used line-transect identification surveys in the two regions, Mengsong and Jinuo, where four different habitats were surveyed: 6-year fallow fields; traditional economic forests; monsoon evergreen broadleaf forests; and montane rain forests. Data were analyzed for species diversity, richness (family, genera, species), co-occurrence (family, genera, species), characterization of migratory status and feeding habits. Both of these study areas are inhabited by minority groups (Hani and Jinuo) that employ swidden agriculture as their main form of economic activity. The forest landscape in the Jinuo ethnic region is quickly transforming due to changing agricultural practices, and as a result bird diversity and richness are declining, while the Hani ethnic region (Mengsong), with a stable form of traditional swidden agriculture, is maintaining a high diversity and richness of birds. The greatest differences in bird diversity between the two sites occurred in the traditional economic forests and the 6-year fallow fields where the Hani region had a much greater richness and diversity. The two natural forest types (monsoon evergreen broadleaf forests and montane rain forests) were more similar in richness and diversity and also maintained the greatest richness and diversity of the four forest types analyzed. The transformation of healthy forests into degraded landscapes is one of the major impacts of human activity on the natural environment, which is posing a great threat to biodiversity. This study looks at the bird diversity of the two regions and tries to take into account how humans can extract economic benefits while preserving ecological benefits, such as a landscape that allows biodiversity to thrive.     

贺兰山地区冬季鸟类物种多样性调查

2006年和2007年的11～12月,采用固定样线统计法连续2 a对贺兰山地区冬季鸟类组成进行了调查。共记录鸟类7目17科72种,约占全国鸟类种数(1 319种)的5.46%,占宁夏鸟类种数(320种)的22.50%。在地理区划上,古北界鸟类61种,占该地区鸟类种数的84.72%;广布种类11种,占15.28%;未观测到东洋界鸟类。其中,留鸟51种,占70.83%;冬候鸟11种,占15.28:旅鸟10种,占13.89%。具有明显集群生活方式的有41种,占56.94%。山地草原带出现的鸟类种类最多,有40种,其次是山地疏林草原带和山地针叶林带,分别有34种和35种,亚高山灌丛和草甸带最少,仅有5种。贺兰山冬季有国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生鸟类3种,有国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生鸟类14种。     

宁夏贺兰山国家级自然保护区鸟类区系组成及其特征研究

对宁夏贺兰山国家级自然保护区的鸟类进行了调查,共记录到鸟类196种,隶属17目41科。其中留鸟54种,夏候鸟84种,旅鸟53种,冬候鸟5种。繁殖鸟(夏候鸟和留鸟)138种。记录鸟类种数占宁夏地区鸟类总数的61.3%。鸟类区系组成以古北界种类为主,共160种,东洋界鸟类24种,广布型11种。古北界成分以北方型和中亚型占优势,有一定东北型成分,反映出蒙新区西部荒漠亚区特点。     

华东天目山区鸟类研究

本文报道天目山地区鸟类 1 93种 ,隶属 1 6目 4 5科 ,占浙江省鸟类种数的 4 6 6 2 %。其中留鸟 93种 ,占 4 8 1 9%;夏侯鸟 34种 ,占 1 7 6 2 %;冬侯鸟 5 2种 ,占 2 6 94 %;旅鸟 1 4种 ,占 7 2 5 %。我国特有鸟 9种 ,占国内特有鸟种数的 9 0 %。文中分析了鸟类迁徙 ,环境变化对鸟类的影响。在动物地理分布上 ,天目山属东洋界华中区 ,接近中北界南缘 ,鸟类组成具有东洋界向古北界过渡和混杂的特征。     

宁夏贺兰山自然保护区夏季鸟类群落结构

2002年和2003年的7～8月,采用路线统计法在宁夏贺兰山国家级自然保护区对夏季鸟类的群落结构进行了研究。结果表明,保护区内夏季共有鸟类8目20科65种,其中古北界鸟类53种,占该地区鸟类种数的81．54％;广布种类12种,占18．46％。在4种植被类型的群落中,无论是鸟类的种类、平均密度,还是物种多样性指数、均匀度,都具有相同的规律,即山地草原带〉山地疏林草原带〉山地针叶林带〉高山灌丛草句带。对各鸟类群落密度进行t检验表明,各群落之间鸟类的密度差异极显著（P〈0．001）。     

High sensitivity of montane bird communities to habitat disturbance in Peninsular Malaysia

Over the past few decades, the montane forests of Peninsula Malaysia have been severely impacted by the cultivation of exotic crops and urban sprawl. To guide conservation initiatives, montane bird communities were studied to determine their response along a disturbance gradient with the aim of identifying key factors influencing their distribution. Habitat types surveyed included primary and secondary montane forests, a tea plantation, rural, and urban areas in Cameron Highlands and Fraser’s Hill. Response variables included species richness and density quantified via point counts and mistnet surveys. Explanatory variables measured were related to vegetation structure, food abundance and land-use cover. Estimated ‘true’ species richness was higher for pristine and minimally disturbed sites, lower in tea plantation and lowest in heavily developed town centres. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling revealed that both vegetation structure (e.g. canopy density) and land-use cover (e.g. proportion of forest cover) influence species distribution; certain invasive lowland birds were tolerant of extreme development and native montane birds, in general, endured only slight habitat disturbances. A simulation indicated that montane forest dependant species richness started to decline when more than 20% of the canopy cover was lost. Less than a third of the species richness remained when more than 40% of the canopy cover was cleared. The logistic regression model suggested that sensitive species nested lower, were restricted to montane habitats and foraged in mid or high canopy. The dominance of lowland invasives in highly developed urban sites reveals that homogenisation of bird communities can occur even at higher altitudes (>1400 m a.s.l.). The results indicated that native montane birds communities are sensitive to habitat loss and degradation. Thus, any development in the highlands must proceed with minimal disturbance to montane forests, of which, keeping the canopy cover intact should be a crucial consideration.     

Effects of anthropogenic land use on forest birds and butterflies in Subic Bay, Philippines

Despite the loss of 83% of native forests in the Philippines, little is known on the effects of this massive habitat loss and degradation on its forest biotas. This is a cause for concern because of the threat posed to the country’s large number of endemic taxa. To investigate the impacts of anthropogenic disturbance, forest birds and butterflies were surveyed in closed and open canopy forests, as well as suburban, rural and urban areas within the Subic Bay Watershed Reserve and Olongapo City in western Luzon. Measures of forest species richness and population densities for both taxa were similar in the two forest types, but showed different patterns in the other habitats. Indirect gradient analysis showed that forest bird species were positively correlated with vegetation variables (i.e., canopy cover, tree density, height to inversion and ground cover), while forest butterflies were not strongly correlated to any of the measured habitat variables. Community composition of birds in forests was distinct from those in modified habitats, while butterfly communities were more similar. A simulation showed that canopy cover of 60% or higher was required by 24 of the 26 bird species that were sensitive to canopy loss. Endemicity and nesting strata were the significant predictors of vulnerability to habitat disturbance for birds, while endemicity and larval hostplant specificity were significant for butterflies. Both taxa were negatively affected by anthropogenic disturbance but may respond to different components in the habitat (i.e., structure and resources), and thus cannot be used as surrogates of each other. Conservation of forests with contiguous canopy cover should be prioritized, and more ecological research is needed to improve the knowledge on the effects of disturbance on Philippine biodiversity.     

The value of primary, secondary and plantation forests for Amazonian birds

Secondary forests and exotic tree plantations are rapidly expanding across tropical landscapes, yet we currently have a very poor understanding of the value of these human-dominated forest landscapes for biodiversity conservation. Mist netting, point counts and transect walks were used to compare the bird communities of these habitats and neighboring primary forest in north-east Brazilian Amazonia. The extensive spatial scale of plantations and second-growth in our study area enabled us to implement a robust replicated design, with survey plots approximately two to three orders of magnitude larger than most previous studies of land-use change in the tropics, thus minimising the influence of the surrounding landscape. Species richness was highest in primary forest and lowest in Eucalyptus plantations, and community turnover between habitats was very high whether based upon matrices of relative abundance or species presence-absence data, and for both point count and mist net data. Monthly line-transect censuses conducted over an annual cycle showed an increase in the detection of canopy frugivores and seed predators during the peak of flower and fruit availability in primary forest, but failed to suggest that second-growth or Eucalyptus stands provide suitable foraging habitat at any time of the year. The conservation value of both secondary forest and plantations was low compared to conclusions from previous studies. Our results indicate that while large-scale reforestation of degraded land can increase regional levels of diversity, it is unlikely to conserve most primary forest species, such as understorey insectivores and canopy frugivores.