场地污染土壤中总汞的分析方法

建立污染土壤中总汞分析的前处理和分析测试方法。以标准土样(GBW07405-GSS5)为供试土壤,从样品量、消解液体积、消解时间、不同分析仪器效果方面优化分析测试条件。结果表明,土壤样品前处理条件为,0.5g土壤样品中加入1∶1王水8mL,冷消解18h后,沸水浴消解1h;分析测试条件为,原子分光光度计(AFS-3000)的光电倍增光负高压280V,灯电流25mA。本法总汞的检出限为0.005μg/L,相对标准偏差为2.7%,回收率为94.4%～107%。用某化工厂含汞盐泥堆存场地附近、某电石法聚氯乙烯生产车间周边、某曾经进行过汞法烧碱的车间周边污染土壤进行方法验证,相对标准偏差为0.24%～0.98%,结果没有显著性差异。方法重现性好,分析结果准确、可靠。     

Evaluation of land surface radiation balance derived from moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) over complex terrain and heterogeneous landscape on clear sky days

Many studies on land surface radiation balances have relied on geostationary satellites. These satellites have provided data with high temporal resolution (less than 3 h); however, the spatial resolution was too coarse (20–250 km scale) to investigate local-scale land surface radiation balances. Moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) – onboard both the Terra and Aqua satellites – yields a tradeoff with regard to this problem by providing higher spatial resolution (1 km scale) and sensing all over the earth nearly twice a day during daytime; this provides a potential tool for the periodical monitoring of the land surface energy balance. The reliability of MODIS-derived estimates is, however, affected by the presence of multiple error sources, such as those related to heterogeneous land cover and complex topography. In this study, we have used atmospheric (5 and 10 km scale) and land (1 km scale) products obtained from both the Terra and Aqua MODIS devices as inputs in order to estimate the radiation components (1 km scale) under clear daytime conditions over a heterogeneous farmland area and a rugged deciduous forest in the Korea Flux Network (KoFlux). The reliability of these estimates and the associated errors were evaluated by comparing against field measurements taken for 41 and 26 clear days with regard to the farmland and forest sites, respectively. Solar radiation was successfully retrieved with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 20 W m⁻² for both the Terra and Aqua devices over the flat farmland site, whereas the rugged forest site exhibited corresponding values of 40 and 65 W m⁻² RMSE values with consistent positive biases (presumably caused by topographic effects). The RMSE values of the downward longwave radiation were 20 W m⁻² for both the Terra and Aqua devices for both these sites. The sensitivities of the upward components of the shortwave and longwave radiations varied with the RMSE values to the scale of the spatial heterogeneity of both the sites. Consequently, the RMSE values of the net radiation ranged from 33 to 61 W m⁻² for both the devices at both the sites. Our results suggest that the scales of the patch mosaics within the landscapes need to be quantified for proper retrieval of the MODIS-derived radiation products. More extensive validation efforts are required to identify and account for major error sources across diverse land surface conditions.     

Comparison of Three Digestion Methods for Total Soil Potassium Estimation in Soils of Papua New Guinea Derived from Varying Parent Materials

An estimate of total potassium (K) contents of soils is required to assess the difficultly available fractions of soil potassium. Three digestion procedures were evaluated in terms of recovery of elemental K, precision, and simplicity in combination with analysis of K contents by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) in soils derived from contrasting parent materials. A hydrofluoric acid–perchloric acid (HClO₄)–nitric acid (HNO₃) mixture extracted the most K from 10 soils studied (4809.9 mg kg^?1) followed by aqua regia (3180.89 mg kg^?1) and HClO₄–HNO₃ mixtures (1206.75 mg kg^?1). On average, aqua regia and HClO₄–HNO₃ digestion methods extracted 66.1% and 25.1% of the K extracted with the HF–HClO₄–HNO₃ mixture, respectively. Precision analysis as percentage of relative standard deviation showed excellent precision (<5%) for the HF–HClO₄–HNO₃ method (1.49%) compared to the HClO₄–HNO₃ mixture (10.72%). The present study concludes that the HF–HClO₄–HNO₃ digestion mixture is superior over both aqua regia and HClO₄–HNO₃ mixtures for total K estimation in the soils of Central Highland provinces of Papua New Guinea especially when ICP-OES is employed for analysis.     

Effect of Grinding on Soil Extraction by Aqua Regia, 2 M Nitric Acid,and Mehlich 3

Abstract

The effect of grinding on soil extraction was determined for two soil fractions and three extractants. Arsenic (As), beryllium (Be), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn) were extracted by aqua regia and 2 M nitric acid. Mehlich 3 extractant was used for determination of potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), and aluminum (Al). One hundred forty‐seven agricultural soil samples representing all major soil types, climatic regions, and proportions of agronomic cultures in the Czech Republic were collected for the study. Particle size fractions smaller than 2 mm and smaller than 0.150 mm were chosen for investigation. Extraction of elements by aqua regia was similar for both size fractions of soil. Cold 2 M nitric acid is a weaker extractant than aqua regia, and a statistically significant increase in extractable Be (5%), Cd (6%), Co (11%), Cu (5%), Ni (5%), and V (2%) was measured with the finely ground soils. An increase for the finer fraction for K (10%) and Mn (25%) was found for Mehlich 3. A more complex nonlinear relationship was found for Mehlich 3 extractable Al and Fe. This was probably caused by a more intensive re‐adsorption of Fe and Al to the finely ground soils.     

王水——高氯酸与氢氟酸——高氯酸消解土壤的方法对比

为了确定使用王水——高氯酸法消解土壤,测定铜、铅,镍、锌和镉等元素的可行性,对控制样 B 号土、(土娄)土、褐土等进行了与氢氟酸——高氯酸法消解的对比实验。结果显示:后法所测结果稍高于前法。经 t 检验,只有(土娄)土中的铜,褐土中的铜和镍差异性显著,但其分析值均在平均值加减一个标准差(±1S)范围之内,符合分析要求。说明可以用王水——高氟酸法代替氢氟酸——高氯酸法测定土类中铜、铅、镍、锌和镉。     

简析MODIS(Terra/Aqua)数据在福建省森林火灾监测中的应用

从目前福建省卫星林火监测应用实际出发,通过几种常用气象卫星功能介绍和对比,阐述MODIS(Terra/Aqua)数据在森林火灾监测中的应用优势,并简析MODIS(Terra/Aqua)数据在福建省林火监测中的应用现状。     

Effects of humic and fulvic acids on growth of tobacco. 2. Tobacco growth and ion uptake 1

Experiments were conducted in growth chambers of the Phytotron to evaluate the effects of humic and fulvic acids on growth and ion uptake by tobacco plants grown to flowering.

When small amounts of humic or fulvic acids were added to media used to grow seedlings, the dry weight of roots and tops and the height of the plants subsequently grown in a nutrient solution with small amounts of humic or fulvic acids increased, while at high rates of humic acids they decreased. Generally, there was a trend for low rates of humic acids to increase concentration of Ca and Mg in roots and leaves and to decrease Fe concentration in roots.

The total content of N, K, P, Ca, Mg and Fe in the stalk and leaves increased in the presence of small amounts of humic or fulvic acids in the nutrient solution. Low rates of humic or fulvic acids in the growth medium facilitated the adsorption of Ca, Mg and Fe and their translocation within the plant. For high rates of humic acids there was a trend to decrease the total content of N, K, P, Ca and Fe in the roots and leaves of the plant.     

Mineralization of soil organic nitrogen solubilized by aqua ammonia fertilizer

Organic N solubilized by NH_3(aq) was extracted from ¹⁵N-labelled or unlabelled soil, concentrated and added to non-extracted soil, which was incubated under aerobic conditions at 27±1°C. Gross N mineralization, gross N immobilization, and nitrification in soils with or without addition of unlabelled soluble organic N were estimated by models based on the dilution of the NH ₄ ⁺ or NO _inf3 ^sup- pools, which were labelled with ¹⁵N at the beginning of incubation. Mineralization of labelled organic N was measured by the appearance of label in the mineral N pool. Although gross N mineralization and gross N immobilization were increased in two soils between day 0 and day 7 following addition of unlabelled organic N solubilized by NH_3(aq), there was no increase in net N mineralization. Solubilization of ¹⁵N-labelled organic N increased and the ¹⁵N enrichment of the soluble organic N decereased as the concentration of NH_3(aq) added increased. A constant proportion of approximately one-quarter of the labelled organic N added at different rates to non-extracted soil was recovered in the mineral N pool after an incubation period of 14 days, and the availability ratios calculated from net N mineralization data were 1.1:1 and 2.1:1 for 111 and 186 mg added organic-N kg^-1 soil, respectively, indicating that the mineralization of organic N was increased by solubilization.     

郑东新区龙子湖供水井群优化研究

采用Aqua3D有限元软件对郑东新区龙子湖地下水开采进行了井群优化研究。开采工况1没有考虑雨水利用,开采地下水仅满足湖水景观用水,14口井均匀开采,地下水开采量为274×104m3/a,无降落漏斗出现,水位降深较小(1~2 m),可能会导致湖体周边土地盐渍化现象产生;开采工况2既要供给高校用水,又不利用雨水资源,20口井均匀开采,地下水开采量为1049×104m3/a,漏斗中心出现在湖体外侧北部,最大降深8.5 m,会影响到邻近水源地的正常运行;开采工况3地下水开采量为593×104m3/a,其中方案1为14口井均匀开采,方案2(14口井)和方案3(12口井)为非均匀开采,3个方案漏斗中心均出现在湖体东侧,漏斗中心最大降深依次为4.6、4.3和4.2 m。工况3既考虑了雨水利用,又考虑了龙子湖工程与高校杂用水供水系统联合运行,为一个高效供水方案,其中方案3水位下降最小为推荐方案。     

生物农药草酸青霉水剂对玉米小斑病的防治效果

通过对20%草酸青霉水剂助剂用量的影响、助剂对药效的影响、pH值对制剂贮存稳定性的影响试验,筛选出20%草酸青霉水剂的最佳配方.室内及田间药效试验表明:20%草酸青霉水剂对玉米小斑病有良好的防治效果,室内处理剂量为稀释100倍液,田间处理剂量为稀释50倍液,对玉米小斑病的防效在88%～90.6%,且对供试作物安全.