铋系氧化物在光催化技术中的研究进展

总结近年铋系列半导体光催化剂的制备、种类和光催化反应机理等的研究进展,并展望了铋系列半导体光催化剂未来的发展方向.     

Predicting the degree of phosphorus saturation using the ammonium acetate–EDTA soil test

As a result of the important role played by phosphorus (P) in surface water eutrophication, the susceptibility of soils to release P requires evaluation. The degree of phosphorus saturation, assessed by oxalate extraction (DPS_ox), has been used as an indicator. However, most laboratories do not include DPS_ox in routine soil tests because of cost and time. This study evaluates the suitability of the ammonium acetate extraction in the presence of EDTA (AAEDTA), the standard soil test P (STP) in Wallonia (Southern Belgium), to predict DPS_ox; we also compared it with the Mehlich 3 extraction. Ninety‐three topsoil samples were collected in agricultural soils throughout Wallonia. Good correlations were found between the AAEDTA and the Mehlich 3 methods for P, Fe and Al (r = 0.85, 0.77 and 0.86, respectively). An exponential relationship was found between P_AAEDTA and DPS_ox. Results of principal component analysis and regression demonstrated that STP can be used to predict DPS_ox (r = 0.93) after logarithmic transformation. Soil test Al was also a good indicator of the P sorption capacity (PSC_ox) of soils (r = 0.86). Including the clay fraction in regression equations only slightly improved the prediction of PSC_ox (r = 0.90), while other readily available data (such as pH or organic carbon) did not significantly improve either DPS_ox or PSC_ox predictions.     

铝浸种对火龙果种子萌发的影响

以火龙果种子为研究材料,设置了7个铝浸种浓度（0、0.1 mg/L、1 mg/L、10 mg/L、100mg/L、1000 mg/L、2000mg/L）,研究了不同浓度的铝浸种处理对火龙果种子萌发的影响.结果表明：不同浓度铝处理火龙果种子均具有生理活性,它们对火龙果种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、幼苗鲜重和活力指数均具有明显的生理作用.7种铝处理浓度中,0.1 mg/L铝处理效果最好.当处理浓度超过2000mg/L时,火龙果幼苗生长受到毒害.     

葡萄苗铝-旱交叉适应对水杨酸的生理响应

以‘玫瑰蜜’葡萄苗为试材,预先用氯化铝和水杨酸处理5周后,再用200g/L聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱处理10d,探讨铝诱导葡萄苗对干旱胁迫的交叉适应及铝-旱交叉适应对水杨酸的生理响应。结果表明,预先铝处理可使葡萄幼苗在干旱胁迫下叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a+b、类胡萝卜素的质量分数和相对含水量的降低幅度明显减小,使MDA质量摩尔浓度、相对电导率、氧自由基产生速率和过氧化氢质量摩尔浓度的增加幅度明显减小,使SOD和POD活性、可溶性蛋白质和游离脯氨酸质量分数增加幅度明显增大。添加外源水杨酸后,使这种增减幅度进一步加大。其中,以添加50μmol/L水杨酸后效果最明显,使叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a+b和类胡萝卜素的质量摩尔浓度及相对含水量的降低幅度进一步变小,使MDA质量摩尔浓度、相对电导率、氧自由基产生速率和过氧化氢质量摩尔浓度的增加幅度进一步变小,使SOD和POD活性、可溶性蛋白质和游离脯氨酸的质量分数增加幅度进一步变大。可见,预先铝处理可诱导葡萄苗对干旱胁迫的交叉适应性,水杨酸对其有明显的促进作用。     

铝毒胁迫对两种基因型油菜苗期根系形态及生理特性的影响

运用水培法研究铝毒胁迫下两种基因型油菜苗期根系的生长特征及生理响应。结果表明,铝毒明显抑制了两种油菜根系总长、根表面积、根直径和根体积,且随着Al3+胁迫浓度的增加和处理时间的延长抑制效果增强,但湘杂油二号的根系生长受抑制相对较轻。两种基因型油菜根系的MDA含量、质膜透性、根系活力大小均在50 µmol/L Al3+处理时与对照差异不显著,100和200 µmol/L Al3+处理使MDA含量、质膜透性迅速上升,根系活力下降,且胁迫14d的伤害程度大于胁迫7d。在胁迫7d时,两种基因型油菜根系的SOD、POD和CAT活性整体上均呈上升趋势;当胁迫延长至14d时,二者的SOD活性增幅减少,POD和CAT活性呈下降趋势。Al3+胁迫促进了两种基因型油菜根系脯氨酸的积累,在7d和14d时铝毒处理的脯氨酸含量均高于对照;胁迫7d时根系可溶性蛋白含量和抗坏血酸含量先增加后下降,胁迫14d时两者均随着Al3+浓度增加而下降。由此可见,与浙双758比较,湘杂油二号的根系通过相对较高的保护酶活性及非酶保护物质含量来增强对铝毒的抗性。     

九宫山土壤剖面中黏土矿物的组成特征

以湖北省九宫山的4种垂直地带性土壤为对象,研究其剖面层次的黏土矿物组合和铁、铝氧化物的特征,揭示山地土壤中黏土矿物的变化特点。结果表明,随海拔升高,土壤中黏土矿物类型从以高岭石为主,逐渐变为以14.0?矿物、伊利石及三水铝石为主,有从1︰1型向2︰1型矿物过渡的趋势;不同层次的土壤中黏土矿物类型和相对含量变化明显;土壤随垂直高程的升高,其中游离态铁、铝减小,非晶形和络合态铁、铝增加,各种形态铁、铝氧化物的总量也增加。     

铝对大豆叶片水势和生理特性的影响

以2个大豆{Glycine max(L.)Merrill}品种华春18,浙春3号为材料,设置不同的铝浓度进行土培试验,研究铝对大豆叶片水势和一些生理特性的影响。结果表明:高浓度的铝对大豆生长明显不利。随铝浓度的增加,大豆叶片水势略有下降;蛋白质含量在三叶期有所上升,然后在五叶期开始下降;叶绿素含量除三叶期外都有明显下降;二个大豆品种的SOD活性变化明显不相同。从种间差异性来看,浙春3号抗铝胁迫的能力大于华春18。     

铵、钾同时存在时, 土壤对铵的优先吸附

The water stability of aggregates in various size classes separated from 18 samples of red soils under different managements, and the mechanisms responsible for the formation of water-stable soil aggregates were studied. The results showed that the water stability of soil aggregates declined with increasing size, especially for the low organic matter soils. Organic matter plays a key role in the formation of water-stable soil aggregates. The larger the soil aggregate size, the greater the impact of organic matter on the water stability of soil aggregates. Removal of organic matter markedly disintegrated the large water-stable aggregates (> 2.0 mm) and increased the small ones (< 0.25-0.5mm) to some extent, whereas removal of free iron(aluminium) oxides considerably destroyed aggregates of all sizes, especially the < 0.25-0.5 mm classes. The contents of organic matter in water-stable aggregates increased with aggregate sizes. It is concluded from this study that small water-stable aggregates (< 0.25-0.5 mm) were chiefly cemented by Fe and Al oxides whilst the large ones (> 2.0 mm) were mainly glued up by organic matter. Both free oxides and organic matter contribute to the formation and water stability of aggregates in red soils.     

柠檬酸对三种人工合成氧化铁磷吸附特性的影响

试验采用了3种人工合成的氧化铁为材料,研究了氧化铁对磷的吸附以及柠檬酸对氧化铁磷吸附特性的影响。结果表明:3种人工合成的氧化铁对磷的吸附特性及柠檬酸对氧化铁吸附磷的影响都可用Langumir方程来描述,都达到了极显著水平。从磷的最大吸附量(Sm)、吸附反应常数(K)和最大缓冲容量(MBC)来看,未加入柠檬酸时,水铁矿对磷的吸附在容量和强度方面均为最高;而在加入柠檬酸时,3种人工合成的氧化铁对磷的吸附能力的顺序并无差别,水铁矿和针铁矿的磷Sm和MBC要比赤铁矿大很多。     

不同形态硼对油菜幼苗铝毒的缓解效应及其FTIR特征分析

采用水培法,以油菜品种Cao 221167为试验材料,设置无机态硼酸(BA)和有机态山梨醇硼(SB)及不同Al~(3+)(0、100、200和500μmol L~(–1))处理,研究不同形态硼(B)对油菜幼苗铝(Al)毒的缓解作用及不同形态B之间的缓解效应差异,以及利用FTIR(傅里叶红外光谱)技术分析叶片各物质含量的变化。结果表明,Al毒胁迫下,不同形态B(BA和SB)处理,显著提高植株生物量和根系长度(0、100、200和500μmol L~(–1) Al毒胁迫下BA处理根长分别增加了52.15%、101.45%、366.70%和18.73%;SB处理分别增加了46.80%、133.98%、261.36%和10.77%),提高色素含量和SOD活性,而降低了Al含量、MDA含量和POD活性。不同形态B处理下,油菜幼苗在200μmol L~(–1) Al~(3+)处理下长势、生物量及色素含量最高。在500μmol L~(–1) Al~(3+)处理下,油菜幼苗株高、根长、总干鲜重及色素含量显著低于无Al处理;FTIR分析表明,Al毒胁迫下油菜叶片中蛋白质和低聚糖等含量明显上升,加硼明显降低了蛋白质和低聚糖的含量,且BA处理降低幅度明显高于SB处理。说明不同形态B(BA和SB)的添加均明显缓解Al毒,且BA对Al毒缓解效果优于SB,这为农业生产中施用何种硼肥来缓解Al毒起到一定的指导作用。