浅谈强筋麦8901的优质选育技术与产业化开发

本文简要介绍了8901小麦选育与开发的背景概况，系统总结了8901小麦的选育条件、关键技术、品种特性与产业化开发方面的进展，并阐述了对8901小麦今后应重点加强的研究领域。     

Characterisation of energy-dependent efflux of imazalil and fenarimol in isolates of Penicillium italicum with a low,medium and high degree of resistance to DMI-fungicides

Differential accumulation of [¹⁴C]imazalil and [¹⁴C]fenarimol by germlings of wild-type and DMI-resistant isolates ofPenicillium italicum was studied at various pH values. At pH 7 and 8 the low-resistant isolate E_300–3 accumulated 22% and 35%, respectively, less imazalil than the wild-type isolate W₅. Imazalil accumulation at pH 5 and 6 was similar. Isolate E_300–3 also accumulated less fenarimol as compared with the wild-type isolate. This difference was much more obvious than for imazalil and was observed at all pH values tested. Differences in accumulation of both imazalil and fenarimol between low (E_300–3), medium (H₁₇) and high resistant (I₃₃) isolates were not observed. These results suggest that decreased accumulation of DMIs is responsible for a low level of resistance only and that additional mechanisms of resistance might operate in isolates with a medium and high degree of resistance. With all isolates fenarimol accumulation was energy-dependent. This was not obvious for imazalil.The wild-type and DMI-resistant isolates had a similar plasma membrane potential as determined with the probe [¹⁴C]tetraphenylphosphonium bromide ([¹⁴C]TPP⁺). Various test compounds, among which ATPase inhibitors, ionophoric antibiotics and calmodulin antagonists, affected the accumulation of [¹⁴C]TPP⁺, [¹⁴C]imazalil and [¹⁴C]fenarimol. No obvious correlation between the effects of the test compounds on accumulation levels of the fungicides and [¹⁴C]TPP⁺ could be observed. These results indicate that the plasma membrane potential does not mediate the efflux of DMI fungicides byP. italicum.     

温度对黄瓜光合作用及~(14)C-同化物运转分配的影响

黄瓜的光合适温随生育发展而提高,生育前期为30℃,中后期为35℃。温度高气孔阻力减少、蒸腾强度加大。叶片的~(14)C-同化物在白天以30℃输出最多,经过一昼夜则表现为随温度升高输出率增加。生育前期和中期,30℃时果实得到的~(14)C-同化物多,35℃时茎叶、生长点得到的~(14)C-同化物多。后期,35℃时果实的~(14)C-同化物分配率最大,25℃时茎叶得到的~(14)C-同化物多。     

设施栽培条件下桃树果实不同发育时期14C-同化物的运转及分配特性

利用放射性同位素14C-示踪方法研究了设施桃树果实不同发育时期14C-同化物的运转分配特性。结果表明:在果实膨大期和果实成熟期,分配到果实中的14C-同化物均最多,且随着果实生长,分配到果实中的14C-同化物增加。叶片的自留量小于果实获得的14C-同化物量,且随果实生长,叶片的自留量越少。在各器官中果实的竞争势最强,其次叶片与根系也具有较强的竞争势。14C-同化物在各器官的分配状况与各器官积累的可溶性总糖和淀粉含量相对应。     

小麦骨干亲本‘鲁麦14’的育种价值分析

为更加科学地开展小麦理论研究和提高育种成效,对‘鲁麦14’的构思设计与创制思路、突出特点和以‘鲁麦14’为亲本选育出的品种进行了系统分析。从2001年到2018年,中国科学院、中国农科院、中国农业大学和山东、江苏、河北、安徽、河南、山西、陕西、新疆、贵州、天津9省1市的89家科研单位和育种企业,以‘鲁麦14’为亲本直接育成品种39个、间接育成品种92个,这些品种通过9省2市166次审（认）定和36次国家审定。‘鲁麦14’作为新一代骨干亲本,为全国的小麦生产和育种工作做出了突出贡献。     

脊尾白虾14-3-3 基因cDNA 全长的克隆和表达分析

利用本实验室构建的脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)血细胞cDNA文库中脊尾白虾14-3-3巨球蛋白基因EST序列,采用cDNA末端快速扩增(RACE)技术,克隆获得脊尾白虾14-3-3基因c DNA全长,命名为Ec14-3-3。该基因全长2905 bp,包含744 bp的开放阅读框,编码247个氨基酸组成的蛋白质,分子量为27.95 kD,理论等电点为4.65。同源性分析表明,脊尾白虾Ec14-3-3氨基酸序列与斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon)14-3-3的同源性最高,达到98%。荧光定量PCR分析结果表明,Ec14-3-3基因在血细胞、卵巢、肝胰腺等组织中均有表达,其中血细胞中Ec14-3-3相对表达量最高。感染鳗弧菌和WSSV后6 h,脊尾白虾血细胞和肝胰腺中Ec14-3-3基因的表达量较对照组均显著增加(P0.05),且具有明显的时间差异性。本研究结果表明,Ec14-3-3基因在脊尾白虾免疫反应中发挥重要作用。     

香蕉果实的1个14-3-3蛋白同源基因的克隆及序列分析(简报)

根据在香蕉果实抑制缩减文库中获得的1个14-3-3蛋白基因片段,采用PCR和RACE相结合的方法从香蕉(Musa acuminate L.AAA group cv.Brazilian)cDNA文库中筛选到其全长cDNA序列.序列测定和Blastx比对分析结果表明,该cDNA全长1 037 bp,含有1个完整的阅读框,其编码区编码261个氨基酸残基,具有植物14-3-3蛋白基因的保守结构域,并与其他植物来源的14-3-3蛋白具有很高的同源性,将其命名为Ma-14-3-36(Musa acuminate 14-3-3).采用遗传进化系统发育树的分析结果表明,Ma-14-3-36与来源于单子叶植物的多数14-3-3蛋白基因序列在同一个进化枝上.采用RT-PCR对其在香蕉果实发育不同时期的表达进行分析结果表明,在香蕉果实发育的不同时期差异表达,推测其可能在果实的发育中起作用.     

灌浆期高温对小麦光合产物运转的影响

以扬素５号为材料,用＾１４Ｃ示踪方法,利用多探头活体测量仪,测定了小麦灌浆期在３０℃和４０℃高温条件下对剑叶＾１４Ｃ－同化产物运转的影响。结果表明,高温使剑叶光合同化效率降低,叶片光合产物输出动态发生紊乱,抑制了籽粒中光合产物的累积,最终对千粒重影响显。     

嫁接促活剂对黄瓜嫁接苗愈伤过程、~(32)P和~(14)C的吸收和运转的影响

^32P和^14C示踪试验结果表明,嫁接促活剂可使砧木吸收^32P的量比对照增加1倍,使砧木吸收的^32P运到接穗或使接穗同化的^14C到砧木比对照提早2d,并且明显提高了^32P和^14C的输出量及比例,明显促进接口愈伤组织的形成和维管束的连接,提高了嫁接成活率。     

Stabilization mechanisms of organic matter in four temperate soils: Development and application of a conceptual model

Based on recent findings in the literature, we developed a process‐oriented conceptual model that integrates all three process groups of organic matter (OM) stabilization in soils namely (1) selective preservation of recalcitrant compounds, (2) spatial inaccessibility to decomposer organisms, and (3) interactions of OM with minerals and metal ions. The model concept relates the diverse stabilization mechanisms to active, intermediate, and passive pools. The formation of the passive pool is regarded as hierarchical structured co‐action of various processes that are active under specific pedogenetic conditions. To evaluate the model, we used data of pool sizes and turnover times of soil OM fractions from horizons of two acid forest and two agricultural soils. Selective preservation of recalcitrant compounds is relevant in the active pool and particularly in soil horizons with high C contents. Biogenic aggregation preserves OM in the intermediate pool and is limited to topsoil horizons. Spatial inaccessibility due to the occlusion of OM in clay microstructures and due to the formation of hydrophobic surfaces stabilizes OM in the passive pool. If present, charcoal contributes to the passive pool mainly in topsoil horizons. The importance of organo‐mineral interactions for OM stabilization in the passive pool is well‐known and increases with soil depth. Hydrophobicity is particularly relevant in acid soils and in soils with considerable inputs of charcoal. We conclude that the stabilization potentials of soils are site‐ and horizon‐specific. Furthermore, management affects key stabilization mechanisms. Tillage increases the importance of organo‐mineral interactions for OM stabilization, and in Ap horizons with high microbial activity and C turnover, organo‐mineral interactions can contribute to OM stabilization in the intermediate pool. The application of our model showed that we need a better understanding of processes causing spatial inaccessibility of OM to decomposers in the passive pool.