步行轮式气垫车围裙—地面阻力特性分析

对步行轮式气垫车围裙－地面阻力特性进行了分析。建立了步行轮式气垫车围裙－地面阻力的精确数学模型，并进行了试验验证。探讨了几个主要因素对围裙－地面阻力的影响。     

制动气室有效承压面积的研究

我国拖拉机挂车气制动系统执行机构主要采用膜片式制动气室，对其有效承压面积进行理论分析和试验研究后．得出膜片式制动气室有效承压面积不仅与几何尺寸和气压有关。还与工作行程有关，找到了膜片式制动气室有效承压面积的变化规律，指出了不同型式的膜片式制动气室推杆有效工作行程范围。     

户营小型拖拉机难以更新的机理探讨

在分析农户使用、更新小型拖拉机经济行为的基础上，推证并建立了户营小型拖拉机的作业成本随使用年限增加而变化的规律，进一步提出户营小型拖拉机在作业量充足条件下的“成本均等理论”和在作业量欠充足条件下的“成本递减理论”，并通过实地采样加以验证。据此阐述了户营小型拖拉机难以更新的机理，得出在经济欠发达地区户营小型拖拉机基本上不存在最佳更新期的结论。     

基于质量反应法的拖拉机质心高度测量方法

根据拖拉机前后轮直径不相等的特点,提出了基于质量反应法的拖拉机质心高度测量方法,建立了拖拉机质心高度计算理论模型。与本文提出的方法相比较,发现两轴道路车辆质心高度测量标准中质心高度计算方法可作为其中的一个特例。以江苏常发集团生产的CF650型拖拉机质心高度测量为例,对该文所提出的测量方法进行了试验验证和误差分析。分析结果显示其最大相对误差为0.34%。结果表明该文提出的方法测量精度能满足工程要求。     

实际作业工况下农用拖拉机的排放特性

为了分析实际工况下农业机械的排放特征,该研究利用车载排放测试系统对12辆农用拖拉机进行怠速、行走和耕作3种操作模式下的田间排放测试。结果发现:在旋耕模式下,CO、HC、NOx和PM单位时间的排放因子要高于怠速和行走模式,同时较高的油耗使得CO、HC、NOx基于油耗的排放因子小于怠速和行走模式;测试拖拉机的污染物排放因子随着排放标准的加严呈减小趋势。与中国第1阶段排放标准的测试拖拉机相比,中国第2阶段排放标准的拖拉机4种污染物的单位时间的排放因子分别降低了31.49%、5.96%、6.17%和5.91%。该研究中拖拉机HC、NOx和PM的排放因子要高于NONROAD模型中美国同类机型的结果。通过对大中型农用拖拉机保有量及年使用小时数调查,估算得到2011年中国大中型拖拉机的CO、HC、NOx和PM排放总量分别为32.3、10.6、81.0和9.1万t。与同年的机动车排放量相比,其排放总量不容忽视。     

东方红X-804拖拉机的DGPS自动导航控制系统

该文在东方红X-804拖拉机上开发了基于RTK-DGPS的自动导航控制系统。系统主要包括RTK-DGPS接收机、导航控制器、转向操纵控制器、电控液压转向装置和转向轮偏角检测传感器。其中转向操纵控制器、转向轮偏角检测传感器和电控液压转向装置构成转向轮偏角的闭环控制回路,该回路可根据导航控制器提供的期望转向轮偏角实现偏转角的随动控制。将拖拉机运动学模型和转向操纵控制模型相结合,建立了拖拉机直线跟踪的导航控制传递函数模型,模型的输入是横向跟踪误差,输出是期望的转向轮偏角。设计了基于PID算法的导航控制器,仿真分析了系统稳定性和动态响应性能,确定了PID控制参数的较佳取值。针对东方红X-804拖拉机转弯半径大的特点,采用跨行地头转向控制方式,提出了具体的控制流程及算法。田间试验结果表明：采用所设计的DGPS自动导航控制系统,在拖拉机行进速度为0.8 m/s时,直线跟踪的最大误差小于0.15 m,平均跟踪误差小于0.03 m,所提出的跨行地头转向控制方法对试验拖拉机具有良好的适用性。     

拖拉机安全驾驶室强度非线性有限元分析

为了避免由于拖拉机翻车事故引起的人员伤亡,提高拖拉机工作时的安全性,设计安全可靠的大中马力拖拉机驾驶室,并且使之能通过OECD标准,以某型号拖拉机驾驶室为研究对象,建立了该安全驾驶室的精确三维模型,并采用非线性有限元方法,按照OECD标准规定的要求,对模型进行了加载分析。驾驶室被简化成梁和板单元,采用弹簧单元模拟驾驶室与机身前支架之间的橡胶减震垫。计算结果表明：拖拉机驾驶室在按照试验要求模拟加载完成后,驾驶室变形吸收能量达到OECD标准规定的要求时,驾驶室部分粱和底板的应力已经达到屈服应力,进入了塑性变形,但变形后的驾驶室没有侵入安全容身区。后推、后压、侧推、前压和前推试验中驾驶室的最大变形分别为111、4、168、19和 47 mm,变形最大发生在力的作用位置处。该方法为设计能通过OECD标准试验的拖拉机安全驾驶室提供了一定的参考依据。     

Changes in some physical properties of a clay soil in Central Italy following the passage of rubber tracked and wheeled tractors of medium power

The aim of this study was to evaluate the compacting effect of rubber tracked tractors in comparison to that of the traditional wheeled tractors. Macroporosity, pore shape and size distribution, bulk density, penetration resistance and saturated hydraulic conductivity were analysed in a clay soil (Vertic Cambisol) near Rome (Italy) following one and four passes on the same track of rubber tracked and wheeled tractors of medium power. The soil structure attributes were evaluated by characterising porosity by means of image analysis of soil thin sections prepared from undisturbed samples. Macroporosity decreased in the 0–10 cm layer of compacted soil, particularly after four tractor passes, due to a large reduction in the proportion of elongated pores and in their vertical continuity. The rubber tracked tractor had a more pronounced compaction effect in the surface layer (0–10 cm) than the wheeled tractor both after one and four passes; the latter treatment producing the lowest soil porosity. The same trend was observed for hydraulic conductivity, which showed a highly significant correlation with elongated pores. In the 10–20 cm layer the porosity was significantly decreased following traffic, apart from in the soil under one pass of the rubber tracked tractor. Again in this layer, the lowest values of porosity were found in soil after four passes of the rubber tracked tractor. Single and multiple passes made by the two tractors induced different effects regarding soil penetration resistance and bulk density. Increment ratio of penetration resistance after tractor passes with respect to the control was: 12.5 and 49.9% with the wheeled and 34.4 and 39.8% with the tracked after one and four passes, respectively. Increment ratio of dry bulk density values after tractor passes with respect to the control was 7.9 and 11.7% with the wheeled and 7.5 and 8.3% with the tracked after one and four passes, respectively. The tractor passes transformed the initial subangular blocky structure into a massive structure with sometimes a platy structure in the upper few centimetres. The results indicated that soil compaction following traffic with the rubber tracked tractor was generally the more pronounced. However the compacting effect of this tractor after one pass seemed to be limited to the surface layer only.     

Research and Design of Hydro-mechanical Continuously Variable Transmission for Tractors

The working condition of tractors is bad, and the outside load fluctuation is frequent. All that require engine or transmission to change revolution speed and torque timely to accommodate the variation of load and motion resistance, and ensure the dynamic…     

拖拉机变速箱箱体快速设计方法与软件开发

针对目前拖拉机变速箱箱体产品开发周期长、设计与制造成本高的问题,该研究提出了一种基于知识的拖拉机变速箱箱体快速设计方法。首先,研究并建立箱体设计知识库、推理机制及参数化模型;然后,运用Visual Studio 2015的MFC编写快速设计系统的人机交互界面,联合SQL Server2012、Creo4.0完成快速设计系统与知识库、模型库的连接,建立拖拉机动力换挡变速箱箱体快速设计系统,并进行实例验证;最后,运用ANSYS workbench18.1对系统输出模型进行有限元仿真分析,箱体最大等效应力为206.19 MPa,最大变形为0.450 mm,最大间隙变化量为0.007 8 mm,最大错移量为0.026 mm,一阶固有频率为369.48 Hz,与ZF公司相同传动方案产品相比,箱体质量减少了28.8 kg。结果表明：该系统能高效、快速地完成拖拉机变速箱箱体开发,系统设计的拖拉机变速箱箱体具有良好的强度、刚度、密封性与动态特性,产品质量更轻,这对于缩短产品开发周期、降低设计与制造成本具有重要意义。