苹果果树渗灌试验研究

1989到1991年对10年生国光和金帅苹果品种的果树进行的渗灌试验结果如下:1,能节水并可防涝;2,可增加土壤孔隙度,提高土壤养分含量;3,增加吸收根数量,促进树体的生长发育。座果率和单株(或单位面积)产量均比漫灌(对照)区高;4,到1991年,果品质量有了明显的改善;5,多孔陶土管成本低;6,田间管理方便。     

Nutrient leaching from the plow layer by water percolation and accumulation in the subsoil in an irrigated paddy field

To estimate the impact of water percolation on the nutrient status in paddy fields, the seasonal variations of the concentrations of cations, anions, inorganic carbon (IC), and of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in percolating water that was collected from just below the plow layer (PW-13) and from drainage pipes at the 40 em depth (PW-40), as well as in irrigation water were measured in an irrigated paddy field. Total amounts of Ca, Mg, K, Fe, and Mn leached from PW-13 during the period of rice cultivation were estimated to range from about 390 to 770, 65 to 130, 33 to 66, 340 to 680, and 44 to 87 kg ha^-1, respectively. Amounts of losses that were estimated from the differences between the input by irrigation water and the output by percolation water from the plow layer corresponded to 11 to 26, 22 to 47,5.9 to 12, and 13 to 26% of exchangeable Ca and Mg, amorphous Fe, and easily reducible Mn in the plow layer, respectively. The concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, Fe, and Mn in PW13 were higher than those in PW-40. The amounts of these nutrients that were retained in the subsoil between the 13 em and 40 em soil depth corresponded to 83, 86, 61, 99, and 89% of the amounts that percolated from the plow layer, respectively. Total amounts of IC and DOC that percolated from the plow layer ranged from 750 to 1,500 and 85 to 170 kg-C ha^-1, which corresponded to 5.0 to 10.0% and 0.6 to 1.1% of the total carbon content in the plow layer, respectively. Eighty eight % of IC in the percolating water from the plow layer was also retained in the subsoil.     

心土培肥犁改良瘠薄土壤的效果

研究根据心土培肥的改土技术要求研制出心土培肥犁,并分别在瘠薄黑土和碳酸盐草甸黑钙土上开展大面积机械改土试验,明确自主研发的心土培肥犁改土后对土壤理化性质影响及对作物产量的效果,为其广泛应用到低产土壤改良提供机械及技术支持。试验设深松、心土培肥和常规对照耕作,采用大田对比方法。研究结果表明:心土培肥和深松在不同类型土壤上对土壤理、化性质,对作物产量及产量性状影响后效不完全一致;心土培肥降低土壤抗剪强度后效明显,碳酸盐草甸黑钙土10~30 cm土层土壤抗剪强度比对照降低6.65~12.16 k Pa,黑土比对照降低8.20~11.31 k Pa,碳酸盐草甸黑钙土改土后效果明显,黑土改土后效长,心土培肥改土效果优于深松;土壤容质量和硬度趋势同上;心土培肥提高土壤透气系数为2.78~14.28倍,饱和导水率为2.38~11.62倍;深松和心土培肥可提高下层土水分消耗比例,30~60 cm土层耗水量为心土培肥区深松区对照区,心土培肥耗水量比照高10%;心土培肥处理可提高土壤磷含量和供磷强度,20~30 cm和30~40 cm土层土壤供磷强度比对照分别提高4.19~5.17倍和4.96~17倍,碳酸盐草甸黑钙土高于黑土;心土培肥可提高玉米产量,碳酸盐草甸黑钙土上心土培肥增产幅度为6.82%~18.01%,黑土增产幅度为6.45%~11.18%,平均增产效果碳酸盐草甸黑钙土薄层黑土,但黑土持续增产效果好。     

犁铧式马铃薯中耕机培土装置设计与试验

针对砂壤土条件下马铃薯中耕机作业效率低、培土效果不佳等问题,设计了一种犁铧式马铃薯中耕机。阐述了该机整体结构及工作原理,阐明了犁体曲面成形原理,采用水平元线法并结合马铃薯中耕作业要求以及动力学分析确定了影响培土犁作业效果的犁体结构参数及其取值范围。基于EDEM离散元仿真技术,建立了部件-土壤仿真模型,以培土高度、土壤破碎率为试验指标,以导曲线上端切线夹角、初始元线角、元线角差值为试验因素,进行了二次正交旋转回归仿真试验。在仿真试验基础上进行了田间试验,结果表明,所设计的犁铧式马铃薯中耕机碎土率为94.7%、培土高度为8.4cm、作业深度为13.6cm,根深稳定性系数为92.1%,油耗为14.6kg/hm2,明显优于锄铲式马铃薯中耕机的作业效率及作业效果,满足马铃薯中耕机作业要求。     

马铃薯中耕前期圆盘式中耕机设计与试验

针对现有马铃薯中耕机在第1次中耕作业时存在作业效果不佳、易伤苗的问题,对圆盘式马铃薯中耕机进行设计与试验。阐述了该机的工作原理,通过理论计算对其关键部件进行设计,根据农艺培土、除草等作业要求,确定了圆盘式马铃薯中耕机主要结构参数和作业参数;采用单因素和二次旋转正交组合试验,以耕作深度、机车前进速度、调节角为试验因素,以除草率及伤苗率为试验指标进行了样机试验。试验结果表明,当耕作深度为0.13 m、机车前进速度为4.6 km/h、调节角为52°时,除草率为95.2%,伤苗率为3.9%,满足国家标准伤苗率不大于5%、除草率不小于90%的要求。     

双辊秸秆还田旋耕机试验

阐述了粉碎刀辊正转、旋耕刀辊反转的双辊秸秆还田机结构特点和作业机理.基于土槽试验台设计了室内旋耕耕作部件试验装置.室内试验结果表明,双辊作业模式具有良好的植被性能和相对较低功耗,其应用于双辊秸秆还田旋耕机是可行的.研制了双辊秸秆还田旋耕机并进行了玉米秸秆还田性能试验,试验结果表明双辊秸秆还田旋耕机可一次完成直立玉米秸秆还田、旋耕碎土等联合作业,秸秆粉碎合格率、根茬破碎率、植被覆盖率、碎土率等可达90％以上.     

蔬菜棚室用自走式微型旋耕机的研究

为适应蔬菜大棚的大规模发展对农机具的需求，在分析无驱动轮旋耕的力学机理和功率消耗的基础上，根据蔬菜棚室内作业对农机具的要求和目前菜农的技术条件与经济条件，设计和研制了一种微型旋耕机。该机用无驱动轮旋耕的工作方式，采用立轴式小型汽油机和蜗轮蜗杆传动，机架和传动箱体为薄钢板冲压成型，扶手架上下、左右可调，耕深为１０．７ｃｍ，生产率为０．０９ｈｍ^２／ｈ，重量仅为生产率相同的国内其它旋耕机的１／２～１／５。     

Different responses in bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity to soil deformation by logging machinery on a Ferralsol under native forest

Ferralsols have high structural stability, although structural degradation has been observed to result from forest to tillage or pasture conversion. An experimental series of forest skidder passes in an east Amazonian natural forest was performed for testing the effects of mechanical stress during selective logging operations on a clay‐rich Ferralsol under both dry and wet soil conditions. Distinct ruts formed up to 25 cm depth only under wet conditions. After nine passes the initially very low surface bulk density of between 0.69 and 0.80 g cm^?3 increased to 1.05 g cm^?3 in the wet soil and 0.92 g cm^?3 in the dry soil. Saturated hydraulic conductivities, initially >250 mm h^?1, declined to a minimum of around 10 mm h^?1 in the wet soil after the first pass, and in the dry soil more gradually after nine passes. The contrasting response of bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity is explained by exposure of subsoil material at the base of the ruts where macrostructure rapidly deteriorated under wet conditions. We attribute the resultant moderately high hydraulic conductivities to the formation of stable microaggregates with fine sand to coarse silt textures. We conclude that the topsoil macrostructure of Ferralsols is subject to similar deterioration to that of Luvisols in temperate zones. The stable microstructure prevents marked compaction and decrease in hydraulic conductivity under wetter and more plastic soil conditions. However, typical tropical storms may regularly exceed the infiltration capacity of the deformed soils. In the deeper ruts water may concentrate and cause surface run‐off, even in gently sloping areas. To avoid soil erosion, logging operations in sloping areas should therefore be restricted to dry soil conditions when rut formation is minimal.     

双季稻区晚稻“籼改粳”品种筛选

【目的】研究双季稻区晚稻季条件下,不同类型水稻品种产量、生育期、温光利用差异及其相互关系,为双季稻区适宜品种的选用提供科学依据与技术支撑。【方法】2010-2013年,在长江中游双季稻地区（江西上高）,以杂交粳稻（包括籼粳交偏粳型杂交稻、籼粳交偏籼型杂交稻和粳型杂交稻）、常规粳稻、杂交籼稻3种类型水稻品种为试验材料,采用湿润育秧大苗移栽方式,系统比较双季晚稻不同类型水稻品种产量、生育期、温光利用差异及其相互关系。【结果】双季晚稻不同类型水稻品种产量表现为杂交粳稻＞常规粳稻＞杂交籼稻的趋势,差异显著或极显著。与杂交籼稻相比,4年杂交粳稻的实产增产率为19.20%-28.95%,常规粳稻实产增产率为9.21%-12.17%;通过足量的群体穗数与较大的穗型协调形成足够的总颖花量,并有保持较高的结实率和千粒重,是粳稻综合改良产量结构获得高产的基本途径。杂交粳稻和常规粳稻各生育期均相应推迟,且两者生育期亦延长,其中杂交粳稻生育期平均延长17.1 d,常规粳稻生育期平均延长9.5 d。不同类型品种生育期积温和光照时数及其不同生育阶段温光利用率均表现出杂交粳稻＞常规粳稻＞杂交籼稻的趋势,其中杂交粳稻生育积温和光照时数及其利用率最多,分别为3713.3℃、931.9 h、90.9%、93.5%。【结论】双季晚稻不同类型水稻品种产量、生育期及温光利用的差异大,适宜的粳稻品种可充分利用生育期长优势,提高温光资源利用率,最终提高产量。据此按照全国粳稻生产发展规划的要求,综合考虑双季稻接茬特点与热量条件以及栽培轻简化机械化的需求,筛选出一批适合当地种植的晚粳稻高产品种,供大面积生产选用,即甬优538、甬优8号、甬优2640、甬优1538、甬优1540、长江19、长江21、小叶迟熟、镇稻5108。     

灌溉对心底土积盐层的溶解作用

1.心底土积盐层是引起土壤次生盐渍化不可忽略的原因土壤次生盐渍化是干旱、半干旱地区作物正常生长和发展农业生产的一个重要限制因素,综合目前的研究资料,人们对土壤次生盐渍化的发生和防治作了大量的研究工作,但对心底土积盐层与土壤次生盐渍化研究得较少,忽略了这个问题。正如罗赞诺夫指出:“人们往往忽略了土壤以及底土的原始含盐量在灌区土壤次生盐渍化中的作用,因此,我们愿意再一次强调指出,必须重视自然条件特别是土壤的原生盐渍化在次生盐渍化中的重大意义和作