Surface drainage requirement of crops: Application of a piecewise linear model for evaluating submergence tolerance

Crop tolerance to land submergence is an important criterion for designing a surface drainage system for agricultural lands. This paper collates the available data from various places in India related to the studies on the submergence tolerance of crops. The paper hypothesizes that a piecewise linear model could be used to describe crop response to land submergence. According to this hypothesis, there would be no yield decline for a few initial days of submergence. If submergence continues beyond this period then there would be linear decline in yield. The unknown parameters in the model are: optimum yield, threshold time and the slope which represents the per cent yield reduction per day of additional submergence beyond the threshold.Data in respect of wheat, pigeon peas, cowpeas, pearlmillet, maize and groundnuts indicate that the model describes the data well, although in many cases the threshold is 0.0. The yield reduction varies from 5.3 to 23.2% for each day of submergence beyond the threshold. It appears that to allow for more than 1–2 days of submergence will result in more than 10% reducation in yield of dryfoot crops. For the maize crop, the seedling stage is the most sensitive stage followed by the silking stage. The grain formation stage is the least sensitive, although even at this stage the threshold is 0.0 and yield reduction is 9.3% for each day of submergence beyond the threshold. The data for 9 test crops from Texas and Venezuela were well described by the model. It is concluded that the piecewise linear model is a useful tool for describing submergence tolerance of crops and for working out surface drainage requirements for a given level of yield reduction. Frequency analysis of the daily rainfall data from some selected locations indicates that there is every likelihood of submergence at most of the stations. It is suggested that there is an urgent need for developing wet farming techniques analogous to dry farming techniques.     

河岸浸没预测及排水沟效果研究

针对浸没预测忽略上边界入渗补给和蒸发等问题的缺陷，利用Visual Modflow地下水模拟软件，建立了非稳定流数学模型，设定合理的边界条件，重点探讨了入渗系统和蒸发系统的确定方法和步骤。利用建立的数学模型，模拟计算浸没范围，并设置排水沟边界模拟排水效果。对多层地基，得出3.5m深排水沟可以将浸没范围控制在距堤脚100m范围内的结论。     

淹涝胁迫对水稻生长发育危害与耐淹性机理研究的进展

评述了淹涝胁迫对水稻生长发育的影响、水稻耐涝的生理机制、淹涝胁迫的基因型差异和耐淹性遗传与减灾措施等方面的一些研究进展,并简要提出了今后的研究方向。     

狗牙根与牛鞭草在三峡库区消落带水淹结束后的抗氧化酶活力

三峡水库周期性水淹结束后,消落带植物积极恢复生长的能力有利于其生存和定居,因此,探究影响植物恢复生长的关键生理生态机制对于消落带生态治理具有重要意义。采用野外采样、对比测定的手段,研究了生长于三峡水库消落带的狗牙根和牛鞭草根系在冬季水淹结束后清除活性氧(ROS)的关键酶活力恢复动态。结果表明:与对照相比,经历水淹的植物恢复初期发生明显氧化胁迫,超氧化歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)均维持了水淹诱导增加的活力水平。两个物种的过氧化氢酶(CAT)在水淹中活力均较低;出露之后后狗牙根CAT趋向于对照水平,牛鞭草CAT活力迅速上升但未到显著水平。水淹结束后24 d各个酶活力均回复到对照水平,表明氧化胁迫已基本消失。消落带位点植物不同酶活力之间表现出显著的相关关系,这可能是植株维持ROS代谢内稳态的表现。     

Characterizing Submergence Survival Strategy in Rice Via Chlorophyll Fluorescence

Rice plants cope with flash floods using either an ‘escape strategy’ involving rapid shoot elongation or a ‘quiescence strategy’ involving survival underwater with minimal activity. To clarify the differences in the response of leaf photosynthesis properties to conditions during and after submergence, two rice cultivars were compared: a non‐shoot‐elongating cultivar IR 67520‐B‐14‐1‐3‐2‐2 (IR67520) and a shoot‐elongating cultivar IR72442‐6B‐3‐2‐1‐1 (IR72442). Twenty‐three‐day‐old seedlings were submerged in 80‐cm‐deep water for 14 days. During submergence, the chlorophyll contents of the upper fully expanded leaf (5th leaf) and newly developed leaf later (6th leaf) and the maximal quantum yield of photosystem II (F_v/F_m) of the fifth leaf decreased earlier in IR72442 than in IR67520. In the submerged sixth leaf, F_v/F_m was higher in IR72442 than in IR67520 at early measurement. Although F_v/F_m of the sixth leaf in submerged IR67520 increased substantially from 2 days post‐submergence, IR72442 decreased because of leaf chlorosis. Therefore, a non‐shoot‐elongating cultivar coped with submergence by inhibiting photodamage and maintaining high chlorophyll content in the leaves. The shoot‐elongating cultivar was able to maintain the photosynthetic capacity of the newly developed leaf during submergence by prompt reduction of chlorophyll and chlorophyll fluorescence in the leaf that developed before submergence.     

淹水对13种乔木柳插条表型和生理指标的影响

为筛选优良的耐淹林木品种以满足我国湿地生态发展的需求,选取了13种乔木柳1年生插条实行淹水胁迫试验,通过测定根叶长、干鲜重等表型指标,丙二醛含量、叶绿素含量生理指标并对测定的数据进行分析,以对乔木柳品种耐淹性进行分型。结果表明,淹水对13种乔木柳根、叶的生长均有抑制作用,其中丙二醛含量在J1010中相对于对照组增加了4倍,在苏柳172中为2.4倍,叶绿素含量均出现明显降低,J2087仅为对照组的16.1%,竹柳为对照组的50%。另外总根长、总生根数、最长根长、叶片数、总萌枝长、叶鲜重、叶干重、根鲜重和根干重之间呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,而总萌枝数与其他指标之间没有相关性。通过对表型指标和生理指标进行聚类分析、主成分分析和耐淹系数计算,可将13种乔木柳分成3类:竹柳、苏柳795、龙爪柳、苏柳172为强耐淹品种;渤海柳1号和苏柳932为中度耐淹品种;J2087、J2187、287、盐柳1号、东营1号、J1010和紫杆柳为弱耐淹品种。研究结论可为湿地耐淹林木的筛选提供依据,为柳树耐淹评价体系建立和耐淹机理研究奠定基础。     

Effects of crop establishment techniques on weeds and rice yield

Field and pot studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of seven rice establishment techniques {puddling transplanting (PT), no tillage transplanting (NTT), puddling drum wet seeding (PDWS), no tillage drum wet seeding (NTDWS), conventional tillage dry drilling (CTDD), furrow irrigated raised beds system dry drilling (FIRBSDD), and no-tillage dry-drilling (NTDD)} and water submergence stress on weeds and rice yield. The highest yield and least weed abundance were in the PT treatment. The direct seeded rice (DSR), both dry and wet exhibited severe weed infestation, and compared to transplanting showed reduced yield both in the presence and absence of weeds. The yield losses due to weeds in the DSR treatments ranged from 91.4 to 99.0%, compared to 16.0 and 42.0% in the transplanting treatments (PT and NTT). Weeds, including Cyperus rotundus L., Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd., Digera arvensis Forsk., Phyllanthus niruri L., and Trianthema portulacastrum L. which were found in the un-puddled DSR treatments were absent in the puddled plots, particularly the PT treatments. In pot studies, continuous water-submergence (2.5 cm) for 20 days reduced the emergence of C. rotundus, D. aegyptium, T. portulacastrum, and Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. by 99.4, 100, 100, and 24.4%, respectively, compared to alternate wetting–drying. In farmer's field studies, when compared to the PT treatments, the DSR treatments exhibited lower yields (15.8%) with coarse varieties (HKR-47 & IR-64), but fine cultivars (Sharbati & PB-1) exhibited similar yields under both systems. In view of the shortage of labour for manual transplanting, there is a need to develop suitable cultivars for aerobic system conditions (unpuddled DSR and NT machine-transplanting).     

水泵进水口临界淹没深度试验力学准则的研究

对影响进水口旋涡运动的主要因素进行了理论分析,研究了旋涡型式和Fr数的关系,确定了临界淹没深度试验所要求的力学准则,首次提出新的特征参数,得出了相应的临界淹没深度的计算公式。     

淹水对5种禾本科植物光合特性的影响

用氧电极和叶绿素荧光相结合测定的方法研究华南地区常用于水土保持的硬穗钝叶草、地毯草、宽叶和细叶百喜草、香根草等5种禾本科植物在不同淹水时间下的反应 5种植物生长于完全淹水的环境中,分别在第9、18、27、36、45、54d测定 淹水处理使地毯草总叶绿素含量随着淹水天数的延长而呈下降趋势,色素破坏明显;细叶百喜草和香根草则随着淹水反应时间的延长而上升,光合色素破坏不明显 淹水对植物的暗呼吸速率影响不同 原初光化学速率Fv/Fm在淹水影响下呈现不同程度的降低,与Fv/Fm下降相关的荧光参数Fm,Fv和Fo在3种植物中反应不同 叶绿素荧光测定的结果表明淹水反应中香根草、细叶百喜草的PSⅡ活性比地毯草具有较高的稳定性,qN增高,热耗散保护性作用增强 丙二醛(MDA)的相对含量,在18d淹水里钝叶草、宽叶百喜草和香根草呈现下降的趋势,后2者在淹水27d以后受刺激增高