机动脱粒机上安装秸秆切碎装置的前景分析

水稻收割由于其特殊的环境及农村经济条件，在目前很长的一段时间内，仍旧是小型机动脱粒机的天下。为此设计一种在机动脱粒机上安装秸秆切碎装置，并对秸秆切碎装置时的设计提出了应考虑的几个问题，并分析了安装该装置的市场前景。     

新型青贮饲料收获机滚筒切碎器的设计与试验研究

切碎滚筒是青贮饲料收获机的重要工作部件,直接影响收获机的功率消耗、切碎性能及抛送性能。本研究在试验的基础上,设计了新型平板刀式滚筒切碎器,分析了滚筒切碎器的结构参数和运动参数对切碎性能的影响,确定了平板刀式滚筒切碎器较优的结构和工作参数。试验研究表明:滚筒转速和喂入量是影响功耗的重要因素,饲草的切碎均匀度与滚筒转速呈正相关。     

棉秆切碎器的浮动夹持喂入机构设计

针对棉秆切碎收获机械介绍了一种新型带自调节、夹紧和主动输入功能的喂入机构。同时,对其结构组成、工作原理和关键部件参数设计分别进行了详述,并验算了最大通过量,分析了几种改变切碎长度的方法。实践表明,该机构还可适用于其它硬质冠状秸秆切碎前的强制喂入,具有结构简单、稳定性好、使用维修方便以及使用寿命长等特点。     

Vegetation,Hydrologic, and Erosion Responses of Sagebrush Steppe 9 Yr Following Mechanical Tree Removal

Land managers across the western United States are faced with selecting and applying tree-removal treatments on pinyon (Pinus spp.) and juniper (Juniperus spp.) woodland-encroached sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) rangelands, but current understanding of long-term vegetation and hydrological responses of sagebrush sites to tree removal is inadequate for guiding management. This study applied a suite of vegetation and soil measures (0.5 ? 990 m²), small-plot rainfall simulations (0.5 m²), and overland flow experiments (9 m²) to quantify the effects of mechanical tree removal (tree cutting and mastication) on vegetation, runoff, and erosion at two mid- to late-succession woodland-encroached sagebrush sites in the Great Basin, United States, 9 yr after treatment. Low amounts of hillslope-scale shrub (3 ? 15%) and grass (7 ? 12%) canopy cover and extensive intercanopy (area between tree canopies) bare ground (69 ? 88% bare, 75% of area) in untreated areas at both sites facilitated high levels of runoff and sediment from high-intensity (102 mm ? h^? 1, 45 min) rainfall simulations in interspaces (~ 45 mm runoff, 59 ? 381 g ? m^? 2 sediment) between trees and shrubs and from concentrated overland flow experiments (15, 30, and 45 L ? min^? 1, 8 min each) in the intercanopy (371 ? 501 L runoff, 2 342 ? 3 015 g sediment). Tree cutting increased hillslope-scale density of sagebrush by 5% and perennial grass cover by twofold at one site while tree cutting and mastication increased hillslope-scale sagebrush density by 36% and 16%, respectively, and perennial grass cover by threefold at a second more-degraded (initially more sparsely vegetated) site over nine growing seasons. Cover of cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) was < 1% at the sites pretreatment and 1 ? 7% 9 yr after treatment. Bare ground remained high across both sites 9 yr after tree removal and was reduced by treatments solely at the more degraded site. Increases in hillslope-scale vegetation following tree removal had limited impact on runoff and erosion for rainfall simulations and concentrated flow experiments at both sites due to persistent high bare ground. The one exception was reduced runoff and erosion within the cut treatments for intercanopy plots with cut-downed-trees. The cut-downed-trees provided ample litter cover and tree debris at the ground surface to reduce the amount and erosive energy of concentrated overland flow. Trends in hillslope-scale vegetation responses to tree removal in this study demonstrate the effectiveness of mechanical treatments to reestablish sagebrush steppe vegetation without increasing cheatgrass for mid- to late-succession woodland-encroached sites along the warm-dry to cool-moist soil temperature ? moisture threshold in the Great Basin. Our results indicate improved hydrologic function through sagebrush steppe vegetation recruitment after mechanical tree removal on mid- to late-succession woodlands can require more than 9 yr. We anticipate intercanopy runoff and erosion rates will decrease over time at both sites as shrub and grass cover continue to increase, but follow-up tree removal will be needed to prevent pinyon and juniper recolonization. The low intercanopy runoff and erosion measured underneath isolated cut-downed-trees in this study clearly demonstrate that tree debris following mechanical treatments can effectively limit microsite-scale runoff and erosion over time where tree debris settles in good contact with the soil surface.     

国产FSY-30与美国71854枝丫粉碎机的对比分析

美国71854型林木枝丫粉碎机的技术性能较为先进,适用于山场林地林木枝丫粉碎并就地处理的生产作业;国产FSY-30型林木枝丫粉碎机结构简单,维护方便,制造成本低。虽然国产FSY-30型林木枝丫粉碎机生产能力比美国71854型林木枝丫粉碎机降低13.2%,但其燃油消耗量降低13.6%,作业成本降低30.6%,设备售价降低73.3%,堆料容重提高8.9%。该机综合技术经济性能较好,符合我国国情,适用于山场林地林木枝丫粉碎并进行回收利用的生产作业。     

Effects of shredding on silage density and fermentation quality

The effects of shredding forages on the density and fermentation quality of the resulting silages were studied. Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and a grass–clover mixture were harvested and wilted indoors for 1–2 days. The dry‐matter content of the forages after wilting was 192 g/kg, 192 g/kg, 237 g/kg and 214 g/kg respectively. The forages were then either unprocessed or shredded once (1×) or four (4×) times using a novel laboratory shredder and were ensiled in laboratory‐scale silos. Fermentation was terminated after either 50 or 113 days of ensiling. Density and the fermentation weight losses of the silages were recorded. Initial density of the silages was considerably increased with increased intensity of shredding (p < 0.01). The initial density (DM basis) of the 4× shredded silages ranged from 177 to 236 kg DM/m³ whereas it was 124–163 kg DM/m³ in non‐shredded silages. The 4× shredded silages had the greatest fermentation weight loss at day 1 of ensiling (p < 0.01). Overall fermentation weight loss after 113 days of ensiling was reduced in the 4× shredded silages (p < 0.01). Shredding increased L‐lactate concentration and reduced pH of the silages (p < 0.01). The NH₃ concentrations were reduced by 25%–46% in 4× shredded silages and butyrate concentrations were reduced by 76%–97% in shredded silages in comparison to non‐shredded silages (p < 0.01). Shredding improved initial density and fermentation quality of silages while reducing overall fermentation weight losses.     

香蕉假茎还田机研制与试验

介绍了一种香蕉假茎处理还田机具的研制与试验过程。通过对该机的基本原理、主要部件及关键技术参数的分析、试验和设计,研制出新型的香蕉假茎还田机。研究设计的甩刀式切碎转鼓具有升运茎秆和分离土壤的功能,这一关键技术的突破大大降低了作业能耗,同时破碎茎秆能力和防缠绕性能显著提高,完全适应香蕉生产的农艺要求,满足目前香蕉产区的动力配套。     

4J―30型小麦秸秆切碎机的设计与推广

介绍了4J―30型小麦秸秆切碎机的主要技术参数、总体结构、工作原理、关键工作部件的结构设计以及整机的技术特点和规格。该机具能够加装在几乎所有型号的小麦联合收获机上,直接完成对小麦秸秆的切碎还田,有效改善土壤有机质,提高作物产量,同时解决了秸秆焚烧引起的大气污染问题。4J―30型小麦秸秆切碎机已在临沂市推广应用近4000台,取得了较好的经济效益和环保效益,具有较高的推广应用价值。     

QGG1-60枝丫切碎机的设计

QGG1-60枝丫切碎机是林木枝丫生物质资源高效利用的基础设备,适用于野外林地现场作业。介绍了该机的工作原理,给出了主要技术性能参数的设计计算方法,并进行了总体及各零部件的结构设计及性能分析。     

玉米茎秆甩刀式切碎装置的设计与试验

针对现有穗茎兼收型玉米收获机茎秆切碎装置位于整机后部,在作业过程中茎秆被轮胎辗压,造成茎秆切碎含杂率高的问题,设计了一种可以安装在割台下方的茎秆切碎装置。对切碎装置“L”型切碎甩刀进行结构设计,对单个甩刀进行有限元静力学分析,得出甩刀的应力图和变形分布图,可知甩刀工作时所受应力和变形量均在允许范围内。对切碎装置进行田间试验,结果表明:茎秆切碎长度合格率为90.6%,茎秆含杂率为0.5%,切碎装置满足设计要求。