Soil protection for a sustainable future: options for a soil monitoring network for Ireland

The increased recognition of the importance of soil is reflected in the UN Post‐2015 Development Agenda with sustainable development goals that directly and indirectly relate to soil quality and protection. Despite a lack of legally binding legislation for soil protection, the European Commission remains committed to the objective of soil protection. However, the achievement of a legally binding framework for soil protection relies on the implementation of a soil monitoring network (SMN) that can detect changes to soil quality over time. As beneficiaries do not pay for the provision of soil information, the options for soil monitoring are limited. The use of existing data sets should be considered first. Using Ireland as an example, this research explored the opportunities for a SMN for Ireland considering three existing national data sets. The options for a SMN are considered in terms of their spatial and stratified distribution, the parameters to be measured and an economic analysis of the options proposed. This research finds that for Ireland, either a 10 or a 16 km² grid interval stratified by land use and drainage class offers the best potential in relation to the spatial distribution of existing data sets to reflect local data at a national level. With existing data, the stratified SIS data using the 16 km² grid offers the best value for money, with baseline costs for analysis, excluding field costs, of between €706 481 and €2.8 million. Acknowledging the impossibility of measuring all parameters with ideal frequency, this study proposes a two‐tier system for optimized monitoring frequency. Parameters must anticipate future policy requirements. Finally, the implementation of a SMN must be accompanied by standardized methods, defined thresholds and action mandates to maintain soil quality within allowable limits.     

全乳固体微波滤纸快速测定方法的研究

将微波加热干燥技术和滤纸水分蒸发强化技术应用于全乳固体的快速测定．比较了该方法与GB5409-85减重法的差异和对乳中热敏物质乳糖稳定性的影响及测定结果的差异。经t检验得出了两种方法对乳糖的含量变化的差异不显著，全乳固体含量的测定结果相同，将测定时间由240min缩短至37min，可以满足生产对全乳固体快速测定的时间要求。     

上虞海涂实验农场中心试验区排水系统探讨

上虞市海涂实验农场中心试验区的排水系统，能满足十年一遇的年最大２４ｈ降雨，两天内排出的要求。滨海盐土的地下水位高，农田基本建设除用浅、密的排水沟布置外，还应结合平整土地、发展灌溉以及适用的农、林技术等综合措施，才能达到治盐改土的效果。     

节水管理措施小议

节水的含义值得深入讨论,如单从字面上理解,往往被认为就是节约用水,实际上节水的含义深广,并不局限于用水的节约。它包括水资源(地面水和地下水)的保护,控制和开发,并保证其可获得的最大水量进行合理经济利用,也有精心管理和文明使用自然资源之意。因此,对节水需作广义理解,节水为水管理的一个不可分割的重要部分。     

国内外粮食水分快速检测方法的研究

综述了国内外粮食水分快速检测的方法,分析了各类方法及仪器设备的特点和局限性.     

Soil saturation effects on forest dynamics: scaling across a southern boreal/northern hardwood landscape

Patch modeling can be used to scale-up processes to portray landscape-level dynamics. Via direct extrapolation, a heterogeneous landscape is divided into its constituent patches; dynamics are simulated on each representative patch and are weighted and aggregated to formulate the higher level response. Further extrapolation may be attained by coarsening the resolution of or lumping environmental data (e.g., climatic, edaphic, hydrologic, topographic) used to delimit a patch.Forest patterns at the southern boreal/northern hardwood transition zone are often defined by soil heterogeneity, determined primarily by the extent and duration of soil saturation. To determine how landscape-level dynamics predicted from direct extrapolation compare when coarsening soil parameters, we simulated forest dynamics for soil series representing a range of drainage classes from east- central Maine. Responses were aggregated according to the distribution of soil associations comprising a 600 ha area based on local- (1:12,000), county- (1:120,000) and state- (1:250,000) scale soil maps. At the patch level, simulated aboveground biomass accumulated more slowly in poorer draining soils. Different soil series yielded different communities comprised of species with various tolerances for soil saturation. When aggregated, removal of waterlogging caused a 20–60% increase in biomass accumulation during the first 50 years of simulation. However, this early successional increase and the maximum level of biomass accumulation over a 200 year period varied by as much as 40% depending on the geospatial data. This marked discrepancy suggests caution when extrapolating with forest patch models by coarsening parameters and demonstrates how rules used to rescale environmental data need to be evaluated for consistency.     

聚脲防渗材料在大海子水库放水涵洞工程中的应用

针对大海子水库放水涵洞闸门前承压段3道伸缩缝止水功能部分失效、伸缩缝漏水防渗处理等问题,采取聚合物砂浆封缝、灌注水溶性聚氨酯堵漏、手工聚脲材料护面防渗等处理,为聚脲防渗材料在水库放水涵洞工程中的应用提供借鉴和经验.     

甘肃河西盐碱荒地开发对河流水质的影响

本文详尽分析了甘肃河西地区张掖临泽部分盐碱荒地开发对生态环境产生的主要污染参数、污染因子及污染物排放量，预测了洗盐废水中可溶性盐分对黑河水质的影响。     

排水工程对三江平原湿地流域的影响分析

在三江平原别拉洪河流域地形图、土地利用图和排水工程建设资料的基础上,利用地理信息系统进行流域景观制图,并根据排水工程建设量将该流域划分出4个排水分区。利用景观结构分析软件FRAGSTATS分别计算了各分区2个时期(1967年和2005年)的多种景观结构指标。结果表明:排水工程之前,除了旱地无排区的其它3个排水区域,自然湿地覆盖率均达到90%以上,且呈大块连续状分布,结构比较简单,自然状态保存完好;排水渠大量修建之后,沼泽地因排水基本消失,草甸及其它沼泽类型也大片被排干,取而代之的是以大面积的旱地和水田为基质,湿地以小的斑块体镶嵌其中的流域景观,景观结构破碎化严重并趋于复杂化。最后提出下一步的研究工作。     

山羊肺淋巴系的研究

24例山羊肺经肺实质和肺胸膜下注射30％普鲁士蓝氯仿溶液，剖查其器官内淋巴管及淋巴流向。结果表明，山羊肺的器官内淋巴管有浅淋巴管和深淋巴管2种。左肺尖叶淋巴管注入左支气管肺淋巴结和气管支气管左淋巴结，左肺心叶淋巴管注入左支气管肺淋巴结、气管支气管左淋巴结和气管支气管中淋巴结，左肺膈叶淋巴管注入气管支气管左淋巴结、气管支气管中淋巴结和纵隔后淋巴结；右肺尖叶淋巴管注入右支气管肺淋巴结和气管支气管前淋巴结，右肺心叶淋巴管注入右支气管肺淋巴结和气管支气管右淋巴结，右肺膈叶淋巴管注入气管支气管右淋巴结、气管支气管中淋巴结和纵隔后淋巴结，右肺副叶淋巴管注入右支气管肺淋巴结、气管支气管中淋巴结和纵隔后淋巴结。